1. ابتسام الشديEbtesam Al-sheddi
Site: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/10252

2. 413 PHG 50% by Dr.Ebtesam S. Al-Sheddi -15 marks midterm exam
20 marks final exam
50% by Dr. Areej Al-Taweel
-15 marks midterm exam
-20 marks final exam
Lab :
30 marks: - Practical exam
PHG

3. Course description The course will cover the following subjects:
Vitamins
Minerals
Allergens
Biologics

4. By the end of the course You should be able to know:
What are the Water soluble vitamins
What are the Fat soluble vitamins
The recommended dose, function, deficiency and the toxicity of each vitamin.
What are the micro and macro-minerals
The recommended dose, function, deficiency and the toxicity of each mineral.
What are allergens and the different types.
What are biologics and the different types

5. Presented By: Ebtesam Al-Sheddi
Vitamins lecture 1
Presented By:
Ebtesam Al-Sheddi

6. vitamins
An organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organisms.
It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.

7. 13 Vitamins for good health: 2 groups
Water soluble vitamins B group: B1 thiamin B2 riboflavin B3 niacin B5 pantothenic acid B6 pyridoxine B7 bitoin B9 folic acid B 12 cyanocobalmin Vitamin C ascorbic acid
Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

8. Fat versus water soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Dissolve in fat
Require bile acids to be dissolved and then absorbed.
enter the lymph, then the blood
Can be stored in body: liver, adipose tissue.
Toxicity is possible.
Water-soluble vitamins
Dissolve in water.
Easily absorbed.
Not stored in large quantities.
Execrated via urine.
Generally non-toxic.

9. Fat soluble vitamins vitamin A
Generally called retinol. It is a group of compounds with the biological activity of retinol. These compounds include: Provitamin A and Preformed vitamin A

10. Preformed vitamin A
Provitamin A
Animal source
Called retinoids:
Retinol (key player) and retinyl ester (retinylpalmitates).
Consist of 4 isoprene units (C20)
Plant source
Called carotenoids:
α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.
Consist of 8 isoprene units (C40)

11. Retinoids and carotenoids are precursors for the biosynthesis of 2 essential metabolites of vitamin A:
11-cis-retinal and all-trans-retinoic acid.

12. Vitamin A functions 11- cis- retinal All trans-retinoic acid
Required for night and color vision.
Formed in retina.
Component of visual pigments (rhodospin rods) that present in retina.
The most bioactive form.
Required for:
regulation of embryonic development and growth and reproduction.
maintenance of epithelial tissue and repair of body tissues.
proper function of immune system
Carotenoids
Serve as antioxidants .

13. Source:
Preformed: liver, milk, ready eat cereal, margarine and egg.
Provitamin: carrot, cantaloupe, sweet potato and spinach.
Recommended daily allowance (RDA) = 4000 – 5000 IU (International Units).
1 IU from 0.3 µg of retinol or 0.6 µg of β-carotene

14. Vitamin A deficiency
More obvious deficiency symptoms than other vitamins
Night blindness
Leading cause of blindness in third world countries
Cell keratinization
Dry skin (treatment and pregnancy?)
Xerophthalmia (dryness of cornea & conjunctiva)
Reproductive failure
Abnormal skeletal development/maintenance
Immune dysfunction
Respiratory infection.

15. Hypervitaminosis A
Skeletal malformations, spontaneous fractures, internal hemorrhages
Overconsumption of beta carotene from food sources may cause skin to turn yellow but is not harmful
Birth defects and miscarriage
Decalcification, joint pain, fragility
Dry itchy skin (caution about acne treatments)
Hair loss
Liver damage

16. Fat soluble vitamins vitamin D
The two major forms are
vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol, plant version vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol, animal version
(Calciferol)

17. Vitamin D2 (made from ergosterol)
Vitamin D3 is made in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol reacts with ultraviolet light.
Vitamin D3 is biologically inert, must undergo two hydroxylation reactions to be activated in the body.
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D

20. Vitamin D - Functions
Regulation of bone health, calcium, and phosphorus
Regulation of muscle composition and muscle function
Prevention of cancer
Regulation of immune system
Regulation of insulin and blood sugar
Regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular health

21. Sourses
Vitamin D is naturally produced by the human body when exposed to direct sunlight.
Expose hands, face, arms 2-3 x/week for 5-10
minutes each time.
Milk, yogurt, margarine, cereals, bread, pastries fortified with vitamin D2 and/or vitamin D3.
Egg cod liver oil and salmon
Adequate Intake (AI) for VitaminD
• 5 ug/d (200 IU/day) for adults under age 51
• ug/day ( IU/day) for older adults
–May need combination of fortified foods

22. Vitamin D deficiency
impaired bone mineralization and leads to bone softening diseases, rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and possibly contributes to osteoporosis.

23. Hypervitaminosis D Hypercalcemia High blood pressure
Anorexia, nausea and vomiting
These symptoms are often followed by polyuria, polydepsia, weakness, nervousness, pruritus, and eventually renal failure