1. Geological Sequestration of C Carbon Sequestration in Sedimentary Basins Module VII: Weyburn, Sask. Maurice Dusseault Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo

2. Geological Sequestration of C Weyburn: CO 2 as EOR Agent  The Weyburn project started in 2000 and is located in an oil reservoir discovered in 1954 in Weyburn, Southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada. The CO 2 for this project is captured at the Great Plains Coal Gasification plant in Beulah, North Dakota which has produced methane from coal for more than 30 years. At Weyburn, the CO 2 will also be used for enhanced oil recovery with an injection rate of about 2 million tonnes per year. (Quote) http://www.engineerlive.com/european-process-engineer/17576/carbon-dioxide-capture.thtml#

3. Geological Sequestration of C Weyburn, CO 2 Source, Pipeline  250 MCF/d CO 2 : - coal gasification  95 MCF/d contrac- ted for Weyburn CO 2 EOR project  7000 t/d in 2006  320 km pipeline  CO 2 purity 95%  CO 2 @ 15 MPa  CO 2 R F ~ 0.16  Total R F ~42-43% Regina Estevan Bismarck North Dakota Montana Manitoba Saskatchewan Canada USA Weyburn Beulah >50 BCF injected to date 30-36 cm pipeline

4. Geological Sequestration of C Weyburn Geological Disposition k ~ 10-15 mD Φ ~ 15-30% Dan Olsen, GEUS, 2007

5. Geological Sequestration of C Weyburn Field History Dan Olsen, GEUS, 2007

6. Geological Sequestration of C Injection Strategy at Weyburn Dan Olsen, Geus, 2007

7. Geological Sequestration of C Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring

8. Geological Sequestration of C Time-Lapse Seismic  Take a survey at time t 1  Take another survey at time t 2  The difference in seismic velocities, reflection coefficients, and attenuation can be attributed to changes in CO 2 distribution, thickness, S CO2 …  This is a “snapshot” method used also in Sleipner, Permian Basin, etc.  Also, Δ(gravity, EM, resistivity, …)

9. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin, USA  Largest CO 2 - EOR region in the World  ~150,000 b/d oil is produced from Permian Bsn using CO 2  This requires about 30 × 10 6 tonnes/yr CO 2

10. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin CO 2 History  Permian Basin fields are largely carbonate reefs  Seals generally excellent, the level of tectonic activity minor  O&G E&P Infra- structure exists  Anthropogenic CO 2 sources David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum SACROC

11. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin Stratigraphy

12. Geological Sequestration of C SACROC Location

13. Geological Sequestration of C Reservoir Model of Northern Platform, Sacroc Field F. Jerry Lucia, Charles Kerans, Fred Wang, Hongliu Zeng Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geoscience The University of Texas at Austin

14. Geological Sequestration of C From oil atlas Make small production table Salt Creek 356 MMBO Cogdell 264 MMBO Sacroc 1,264 MMBO

15. Geological Sequestration of C

16. Structure Top of Sacroc North Platform

17. Geological Sequestration of C

19. Approach Calculate average apparent rock-fabric number from core data for each stratigraphic layer. Calculate permeability profile for each well using apparent rock-fabric number from stratigraphy and total porosity from logs as input into global permeability transform. Interpolate permeability between wells constrained by seismic stratigraphy. Problem Only porosity and gamma-ray logs available. Highly variable rock fabrics typical of icehouse conditions.

20. Geological Sequestration of C Apparent Rock Fabric Number Total Porosity (fraction)

21. Geological Sequestration of C ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor)))ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor))) ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor)))ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor))) ARFN =10^((9.7982+8.6711*LOG10(cpor)-LOG(Cperm))/(12.0838+8.2965*LOG(cpor))) Apparent Rock Fabric Number Assuming total porosity = interparticle porosity ARFN = 2.8 ARFN = 1.6 Cycle 1 Cycle 2

22. Geological Sequestration of C

23. CN 2 CN 3

24. Geological Sequestration of C

25. SACROC Unit CO 2 -EOR  Chevron & Shell 1970-1973 pro- ject collaboration  SACROC unit placed on large- scale CO 2 flood  First SC-CO 2 pipeline – 280 km  Generous tax breaks negotiated David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

26. Geological Sequestration of C Extensions – 1979-1990  Natural CO 2 discovered  Infrastructure extended to include many more fields  Tax credits (15%) provided + other tax breaks  Majors come in David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

27. Geological Sequestration of C Maturity - 1990 to 2005  Extension to other fields in the basin  More pipelines, compression, etc.  Tax incentives remain in place David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

28. Geological Sequestration of C Permian Basin Statistics (2004)  > 10 9 bbl produced using CO 2 -EOR  380×10 6 tonnes CO 2 sequestered  However, only 30×10 6 t anthropogenic CO 2  2500 km of CO 2 pipelines, since 1973  70 fields under CO 2 injection in 2005  Shell, Mobil, Amoco, Arco, Chevron plus, more recently, Apache, Kinder-Morgan, etc., as the majors have largely left  Tax incentives exist David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

29. Geological Sequestration of C Comments…  Without tax breaks + incentives, this development would have been improbable  One billion barrels of CO 2 -EOR oil  Natural CO 2 is cheap  Pure CO 2 gas reservoirs  CO 2 separated from CH4 to meet pipelining specifications  Recycled, re-sequestered at the end of EOR  Anthropogenic amine-separated CO 2 from power plants is far more expensive

30. Geological Sequestration of C DOE-NETL Research?

31. Geological Sequestration of C CO 2 Compression and Transport  Compression requires energy…  Also, generated heat must be dissipated  Is there an optimum p, T for CO 2 transport by pipeline?  Are there other options?

32. Geological Sequestration of C Issues in CO 2 Compression and Transport (Pipelines)  Compression requires energy  Heat of compression must be dissipated  Avoiding corrosion is necessary  Special grade of steel is required  Avoiding hydrate formation is necessary  H 2 O + CO 2 form solids at certain p & T