1. Revolutions in Russia
Ch. 14.1

2. How did the Policies of the Czars help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Autocratic policies – DictoatorialCzars (Alexander I, Nicolas I & Alexander II) resist change
Harsh measures – Cracked down on anyone who resisted the Czarist govn’t
Against (esp. non-Russians e.g. Jews)
Resistance to change inflamed the masses

3. How did policies relating to industrialization& economic growth help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Grueling working conditions
Miserably low wages
Child labor
Workers’ low standard of living
Lack of political power
Enormous gap between rich & poor
= civil unrest & strife

4. How did policies relating to industrialization& economic growth help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Rapid Industrialization
• Number of factories doubles between 1863 and 1900; Russia still lags behind the rest of Western Europe:
- *ALWAYS HAS BEEN A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR RUSSIA
In late 1800s, new plan boosts steel production; major railway begins
- Foreign investors & raised taxes
- Trans-Siberian Railway (1891 – 1916)

5. How did the policies relating to the Russo-Japanese War help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Russia’s losses sparked unrest at home
Revealed the Czar’s weakness as a ruler
Led to revolt in the middle of the war

6. How did the policies relating to “Bloody Sunday” help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Provoked a wave of strikes & violence across the country
Forced Czar Nicholas II to promise more freedom
Create the Duma, Russia’s first parliament.

7. How did the policies relating to WWI help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Revealed weaknesses of czarist rule & military leadership
Destroyed morale of Russian soldiers who cause a mutiny, deserted and ignored orders
Price were sky-high

8. (Put in Notes) World War I: The Final Blow
Heavy losses in World War I reveal government’s weakness & people were starving back at home
Nicholas goes to war front; Czarina Alexandra runs government
Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin—mysterious “holy man”
Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence, murder him
Army losing effectiveness; people at home hungry and unhappy

9. Rasputin World War I: The Final Blow
• Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin—
mysterious “holy man”
Promises to help the Czarina’s youngest child who was a hemophiliac
• Nobles fear Rasputin’s influence, murder him

10. How did the policies of The March Revolution (1917) help to ignite the full-scale revolution?
Forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne – A year later the royal family were executed
Allowed Duma to set up a provisional government

11. The Bolsheviks gain and hold political control November 1917 Revolution
Toppled provisional government
Gave power to the Bolsheviks

12. The Bolsheviks gain and hold political control Civil war between the Red (Bolshevik) and White (Menshevik) armies
Caused millions of deaths from fighting & famine
Showed that Bolsheviks were able
1) seize power
2) maintain power
15 million Russians died
* They Crushed opposition to Bolshevik rule – they won!

13. The Bolsheviks gain and hold political control Organization of Russia into republics
Centralized (in Moscow) power and unified country called the “Soviet Union – USSR; the Union of Soviet states”
The Bolsheviks rename themselves The Communist Party
Left to right: Trotsky, Lenin, and Kamenev

14. Karl Marx
Marx’s ideas formed the basis of the revolutionary government
Economist
Disturbed by conditions caused by Industrial Rev
Author of Das Capital and The Communist Manifesto
Marx believed that society is divided into two groups-the haves, and the have- nots.
The have-nots perform backbreaking labor but receive low wages while enduring poor working conditions.
Marx believed that the Industrial Revolution had made the factory owners the haves and he called them bourgeoisie.
The have-nots were the factory workers whom he called proletariat.
He believed that the factory owner bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat workers

15. V. I. Lenin Led the Bolshevik revolution
“Peace, Land & Bread” Lenin’s slogan
Restored peace and order
1st Communist leader of the Soviet Union
Leader of the Bolshevik party who were Marxists or Communists

16. Leon Trotsky Helped negotiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Commanded the Red Army during civil war