1. صدق الله العظيم الاسراء اية 58

2. By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Member of American Society of Physiology

5. It is the ability of the eye to perceive the different types and characters of colours. Types of colours:Types of colours: Primary colours They are red, green, and blue When they are mixed together in the same proportion they give white colour When mixed by different proportion they give other colours Complementary colours These colours when mixed together they give white colour e.g. deep blue and yellow; red and cyano

6. Characters of colours:Characters of colours: 1.Hue means the wave length e.g. red light (wavelength 723-647 nm), green light (575-492 nm), and blue light (492-450 nm). 2. Intensity or saturation means the purity of the colour i.e. it is pure or mixed with other colours 3. Brightness means the amount of light in the colour

7. 2 theories 1) One the level of receptors or retina → retinal mechanism → Young-Helmholtz Theory 2) The other at the level of pathway →neural mechanism → Herring Theory

8. It is the most accepted theory of colour vision It postulates that there are 3 kinds of cones

9. Equal stimulation of the 3 cone systems produce white sensation Unequal stimulation produce another color e.g.. yellow colour is perceived when red cone stimulated by 83%, green cone by 83%, and blue cone by 0%.

11. It is the ability to see an object with 2 eyes without double vision (diplopia). Requirements 1. The visual fields must overlap to a great extent 2. Intact neuromuscular apparatus to allow image to fall on the corresponding points

13. Requirements of binocular visionRequirements of binocular vision 3. A nearly normal refractive power in both eyes 4. Intact visual cortex where fusion of images occur

14. Advantages of binocular visionAdvantages of binocular vision 1. It increases the visual field horizontally from 160 to 200 degrees

15. Advantages of binocular visionAdvantages of binocular vision 2. It corrects the minor defects in one eye by the other eye e.g. blind spot of one eye is corrected by the other eye

16. Advantages of binocular visionAdvantages of binocular vision 3. It is important for stereoscopic vision 4. It improves the depth perception

18. It is the ability to known the relative distance of the objects from the eyes

19. 1. The relative sizes of objects 2.The occlusion of part of a distant object by a nearer one. 3. The fade of the colours and details of distant objects 4.Parallel lines appear to converge with distance. 5. Movement parallax

22. Sudden jerky movement Smooth pursuit movement Postural (vestibular) movement Convergence movements Physiology of Special senses, Abdelaziz Hussein 22

23. Visual association area Frontal eye filed area Physiology of Special senses, Abdelaziz Hussein 23

25. Photoreceptors (rods and cones) → bipolar cells (1 st order neuron) → ganglion cells (2 nd order neuron) → their axons form the optic nerve → optic chiasma, where the nasal fibers cross to the opposite side while the temporal fibers pass in the same side optic tract (ipsilateral temporal fibers + contralateral nasal fibers of retina) → lateral geniculate body (3 rd order neuron) in thalamus optic radiation → visual cortex in the occipital lobe (1ry and 2ry visual areas).

29. Analysis of the visual image occurs early in the retina

30. They constitute direct pathway between photoreceptors and ganglion cells 2 types; 1.Depolarizing bipolar (on-bipolar) cells 2.Hyperpolarizing bipolar (off-bipolar) cells

31. Horizontal cellsHorizontal cells represent lateral inhibitory pathway in the retina Amacrine CellsAmacrine Cells help in the analysis of the visual signals before leaving retina

32. 1.6 millions cells respond to stimulation by a full action potential i.e. depolarization 3 Types of Ganglion cells:

34. Functions of Ganglion CellsFunctions of Ganglion Cells 1.Detection of 2 point discrimination in the visual scene 2.Detection of the contrast in the visual scene 3.Detection of the movement and its orientation in the visual scene 4.Colour analysis

37. 1.It plays a part in fusion of retinal images from the 2 eyes. 2.It plays a part in stereoscopic vision by comparing the visual images from both eyes and detection of minimal differences. 3.Magnocellular neurons are concerned with perception of white and black, shape and motion. 4.Parvocellular neurons are concerned with perception of color vision and accurate point-point spatial information.

39. Site Surrounds the calcarine fissure on the occipital lobe Representation of retina in area 17

41. 1.Detection of lines and borders 2.Detection of the orientation of lines and borders 3.Analysis of colors 4.Fusion of the images from the 2 eyes 5.Perception of luministy

42. Site: Occipital lobe around 1ry visual area and extend to parietal & temporal lobes Areas 18 is called area V-2, more distant 2ry visual areas are assigned V-3,V-4 and so no.

43. Functions: Area 18 It is also known as visuopsychic area which is concerned with; a.Recognition the nature of the objects and correlates their colours b.Interpretation of visual sensations c.Localization of object in space i.e. depth perception Lesion Lesion → visual agnosia

44. Functions: Area 19 It is also known as the occipital eye field area. a.It shares area 18 its functions. b.It controls the different types of eyeball movements.

46. TEST YOURSELF 1. If the principal focal distance of a lens is 0.5 m, its refractive power is (A) 25 diopter s (B) 75 diopters (C) 1.0 diopter (D) 2 diopters (E) 10 diopters

47. TEST YOURSELF 2. Visual accommodation involves (A) increased tension on the lens ligaments (B) a decrease in the curvature of the lens (C) relaxation of the sphincter muscle of the iris (D) contraction of the ciliary muscle (E) increased intraocular pressure

48. 5. The following events that occur in rods in response to light are listed in random sequence: 1. Activation of transducin 2. Decreased release of synaptic transmitter 3. Structural changes in rhodopsin 4. Closure of Na + channels 5. Decrease in intracellular cGMP What is the sequence in which they normally occur? (A) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 (B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 (C) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 (D) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 (E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 TEST YOURSELF

49. THANKS