1. JAVA, JAVA, JAVA Object-Oriented Problem Solving Ralph Morelli Trinity College Hartford, CT presentation slides for published by Prentice Hall Second Edition

2. Java, Java, Java Object Oriented Problem Solving Chapter 1 Java Program Design and Development

3. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Objectives Know the basic steps involved in the program development process. Understand the difference between a Java application and a Java applet. Understand how a Java program is translated into machine language. Know how to edit, compile, and run Java programs. Understand some basic Java language elements. Know how to use simple output operations.

4. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Outline Designing Good Programs Java Java Language Summary Compiling and Executing a Java Program Applications and Applets From the Java Library: The System and PrintStream classes. In the Laboratory: Editing, Compiling, and Running an Applet

5. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Designing Good Programs Always precede coding with careful design. Remember: The sooner you begin to type code, the longer the program will take to finish. Design includes designing classes, data, methods, and algorithms. Design is followed by coding, testing, and revision.

6. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development The Software Lifecycle In the waterfall model of software development, each phase is finished is completed before the next phase is begun.

7. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development The Program Development Process Problem Specification Problem Decomposition Design Specification Data, Methods, and Algorithms Coding into Java Testing, Debugging, and Revising

8. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Object-Oriented Program Development

9. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Problem Specification What exactly is the problem to be solved? How will the program be used? How will the program behave? Problem Specification: Design a class that will represent a simple geometric rectangle with a given length and width. The definition of this class should make it possible to create rectangles and calculate their areas.

10. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Problem Decomposition Divide-and-Conquer: What objects will be used and how will they interact? Nouns: In OOD, choosing objects means looking for nouns in the problem specification. Problem Specification: Design a class that will represent a simple geometric rectangle with a given length and width. The definition of this class should make it possible to create rectangles and calculate their areas.

11. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Object Design Questions What role will the object perform? What data or information will it need? –Look for nouns. Which actions will it take? –Look for verbs. What interface will it present to other objects? –These are public methods. What information will it hide from other objects? –These are private.

12. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Design Specification for a Rectangle Class Name: Rectangle Role: To represent a geometric rectangle Attributes (Information or instance variables) - Length: A variable to store rectangle’s length (private) - Width: A variable to store rectangle's width (private) Behaviors (public methods) -Rectangle(): A method to set a rectangle’s length and width -calculateArea(): A method to calculate a rectangle’s area

13. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development UML Design Specification UML Class Diagram Class Name What data does it need? What behaviors will it perform? Public interface Hidden information Instance variables -- memory locations used for storing the information needed. Methods -- blocks of code used to perform a specific task.

14. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Method Design What specific task will the method perform? What information will it need to perform its task? What result will the method produce? What algorithm (step-by-step description of the solution) will the method use?

15. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Method Specification: calculateArea() Method Name: calculateArea() Task: To calculate the area of a rectangle Information Needed (variables) –Length: A variable to store the rectangle's length (private) –Width: A variable to store the rectangle's width (private) Algorithm: area = length x width

16. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Coding into Java public class Rectangle // Class header { private double length; // Instance variables private double width; public Rectangle(double l, double w) // Constructor method { length = l; width = w; } public double calculateArea() // Access method { return length * width; } // calculateArea() } // Rectangle class

17. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Language Summary: Syntax The syntax of a programming language is the set of rules that determines whether its statements are correctly formulated. Example Rule: All Java statements must end with a semincolon. Syntax error: sum = 0 Syntax errors can be detected by the compiler, which will report an error message.

18. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Language Summary: Semantics The semantics of a programming language is the set of rules that determine the meaning of its statements. Example Rule: In a + b, the + operator will add a and b. Semantic error: User intended to add a and b but coded a - b. Semantic errors cannot be detected by the compiler, because it can’t read the programmer’s mind.

19. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Language Summary: Program Elements A Java program is made up of class definitions. A class definition contains a header and a body. A method is a named section of code that can be called by its name. Multi-line and single-line comments are used to document the code.

20. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development public class Example extends Object // Class header { // Start of class body private double num = 5.0; // Instance variable public void print() // Method definition header { // Start of method body System.out.println(num); // Output statement } // print() // End of print method body public static void main(String args[]) // Method definition header { // Start of method body Example example; // Reference variable declaration example = new Example(); // Object instantiation statement example.print(); // Method call } // main() // End of method body } // Example // End of class body Java Language Summary: Class Definition

21. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Language Summary: Access Rules Packages contain classes which contain members (methods and fields). Access is determined from the top down. If no explicit declaration given, a default is used.

22. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Language Summary: Keywords abstractdefault if private throw boolean do implementsprotected throws break double import public transient byte else instanceof return try case extends int short void catch final interfacestatic volatile char finally long super while class float native switch const for new synchronized continue goto package this

23. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Language Summary: Identifiers An identifier must begin with a letter (A to Z, a to z) and may be followed by any number of letters or digits (0 to 9) or underscores (_). An identifier may not be identical to a Java keyword. The scope of an identifier determines where it may be used in the program. Instance variables (isEating) and instance methods (eat()) have class scope and may be used anywhere within the class.

24. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Primitive Data Types

25. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Applications vs. Applets Java Applications Stand-alone program Runs independently Has a main() method No HTML file Run using JDK’s java interpreter Java Applets Embedded program. Runs in a Web browser No main() method. Requires an HTML file Run using JDK’s appletviewer

26. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development The HelloWorld Application /* * The HelloWorld application program */ public class HelloWorld // Class header { // Start of class body public static void main(String argv[]) // Main method { System.out.println("Hello world!"); } // End of main } // End of HelloWorld Multi-line comment block Single-line comments Execution starts on the first line of main()

27. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development The HelloWorld Applet /* * HelloWorld applet program */ import java.applet.Applet; // Import the Applet class import java.awt.Graphics; // and the Graphics class public class HelloWorld extends Applet // Class header { // Start of body public void paint(Graphics g) // The paint method { g.drawString("HelloWorld",10,10); } // End of paint } // End of HelloWorld These statements import Java class names. This statement displays “HelloWorld” on the browser window.

28. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Editing, Compiling, and Running

29. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development The Java Development Process Step 1: Editing the Program –Software: Any text editor will do. Step 2: Compiling the Program –Software: Java Development Kit (JDK) –JDK: javac HelloWorld.java Step 3: Running the Program –JDK: java HelloWorld (Application) –JDK: appletviewer file.html (Applet)

30. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Editing a Java Program Software: A text editor (vi, emacs, BBEdit). Program source code must be saved in a text file named ClassName.java where ClassName is the name of the public class contained in the file. Remember: Java class names and file names are case sensitive.

31. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Compiling a Java Program Compilation translates the source program into Java bytecode. –Bytecode is platform-independent JDK Command: javac HelloWorld.java Successful compilation will create the bytecode class file: HelloWorld.class

32. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Running a Java Application The class file (bytecode) is loaded into memory and interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) JDK Command: java HelloWorld

33. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Running a Java Applet Running an applet requires an HTML file containing an tag: JDK Command: appletviewer file.html Browser: Open the applet’s HTML file... <APPLET CODE=“HelloWorld.class” WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200>...

34. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Running a HelloApplet Try running HelloAppletHelloApplet

35. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Coding into Java Stepwise Refinement is the right way to code. -Code small stages at a time, testing in between. -Errors are caught earlier. Syntax rules must be followed. -Syntax is the set of rules that determine whether a particular statement is correctly formulated Semantics must be understood. -Semantics refers to the meaning (effect on the program) of each Java statement.

36. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Testing, Debugging, and Revising Coding, testing, and revising a program is an iterative process. The java compiler catches syntactic errors, producing error messages. The programmer must test thoroughly for semantic errors. -Semantic errors are errors which manifest themselves through illogical output or behavior. -Errors are corrected in the debugging phase

37. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Writing Readable Programs Style, in addition to working code, is the mark of a good programmer. Style consists of: -Readability. Code should be well-documented and easy to understand. - Clarity. Conventions should be followed and convoluted code avoided. -Flexibility. Code should be designed for easy maintenance and change.

38. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Java Library: System and PrintStream The java.lang.System class contains PrintStream objects that perform Input/Output (I/O). The java.lang.PrintStream class contains the print() and println() methods that perform output.

39. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Example: OldMacDonald Program public class OldMacDonald // Class header { // Start of body public static void main(String argv[]) // Main method { System.out.println(“Old MacDonald had a farm.”); System.out.println(“E I E I O.”); System.out.println(“And on his farm he had a duck.”); System.out.println(“E I E I O.”); System.out.println(“With a quack quack here.”); System.out.println(“And a quack quack there.”); System.out.println(“Here a quack, there a quack.”); System.out.println(“Everywhere a quack quack.”); System.out.println(“Old MacDonald had a farm”); System.out.println(“E I E I O.”); } // End of main } // End of OldMacDonald

40. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Qualified Names A qualified name takes the form reference.elementName where reference refers to some object (or class or package) and elementName is the name of one of the object’s (or class’s or package’s) elements. Use: To refer to elements in Java’s package, class, element hierarchy. Context dependent. System.out.println(); //println() method in System.out class pet1.eat(); // eat() method in pet1 object java.awt.Button // Button class in java.awt package

41. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development In the Laboratory: FirstApplet Objectives –To familiarize you with the process of editing, compiling, and running a Java applet. –To introduce the stepwise refinement coding style. –To provide some examples of both syntax and semantic errors.

42. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development FirstApplet Demo Click here to run the FirstApplet and read its source code.Click here to run the FirstApplet and read its source code.

43. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Program Walkthrough: Documentation The program begins with a comment block: Comments should be used throughout the program to clarify and document the code. /* * File: FirstApplet.java * Author: Java Java Java * Description: This applet plays the click-me-not game * with the user. */

44. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Program Walkthrough: Documentation Documentation comments /** … */ are used to document the class and its methods. The JDK javadoc utility can turn such comments into HTML documentation. Example: See FirstApplet.html to see the documentation generated for this program.FirstApplet.html /** * The FirstApplet class plays click-me-not with the user. * @author Java Java Java */

45. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Program Walkthrough: Import Statement An import statement is a convenience that lets you refer to a library class by its short name (Applet) instead by its fully qualified name. Java library classes are organized into packages. In java.applet.Applet we mean the Applet class in the java.applet package. In a qualified name of the form X.Y.Z the last item (Z) is the referent and (X.Y) are its qualifiers. import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*;

46. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Program Walkthrough: Class Definition Class definition : header plus body. public class FirstApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { } FirstApplet class is an extension of the Applet class FirstApplet implements ActionListener interface. A block is a set of statements enclosed within braces {}. Header Body

47. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Program Walkthrough: Variables A variable is a memory location that stores a piece of data or an object. A variable declaration gives the variable’s type (Button) and name (clickMe): private Button clickMe; // The button Variable names should be descriptive and should follow a distinctive style: clickMe

48. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Program Walkthrough: init() Method A method is a named module that’s called to do some task. The init() method is where the applet starts. It is called automatically when the applet is executed. A method definition has a header and a body. public void init() { clickMe = new Button(”Click Me Not!"); clickMe.addActionListener(this); add(clickMe); } // init() Header Body

49. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development The actionPerformed()Method The actionPerformed() method handles user actions such as button clicks. public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e) { if (clickMe.getLabel().equals(“Click Me!”)) clickMe.setLabel(“Click Me Not!”); else clickMe.setLabel(“Click Me!”); } //actionPerformed()

50. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Stepwise Refinement Stepwise refinement is a coding and testing strategy that employs the divide-and- conquer principle. It helps to break a large task into smaller, more manageable subtasks. It helps to localize and identify errors in your code.

51. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Stepwise Refinement of FirstApplet Stage 1: Input the comment block, the import statements, and class definition. Compile and test. Stage 2: Input the variable declarations. Compile and test. Stage 3: Input the init() method. Compile and test. Stage 4: Complete actionPerformed() method. Compile and test.

52. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Summary: Technical Terms algorithm applet application assignment expression block (compound statement declaration statement executable statement flow of control HyperText Markup Language (HTML) identifier instance variable (field) literal value method method invocation object instantiation operator package primitive data type pseudocode semantics software life cycle stepwise refinement stub class stub method syntax variable waterfall model

53. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Summary: Key Points A Java applet is an embedded program that runs within the context of a WWW browser. Java applets are identified in HTML documents by using the tag. A Java application runs in stand-alone mode. Applications must have a main() method. Java programs are first compiled into bytecode and then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

54. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Summary: Key Points A Java source program must be stored in a file that has a.java extension. A Java bytecode file has the same name as the source file but a.class extension. The name of the source file must be identical to the name of the public class defined in the file. Java is case sensitive.

55. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Summary: Key Points Good program design requires that each object and each method have a well-defined task. Coding Java should follow the stepwise refinement approach. A stub method is a method with a complete header and an incomplete body.

56. Java, Java, Java, 2E by R. Morelli Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Java Program Development Summary: Key Points A syntax error results when a statement violates one of Java’s grammar rules. A semantic error or logic error is an error in the program’s design and cannot be detected by the compiler. Testing a program can only reveal the presence of bugs, not their absence. Good programs should be designed for readability, clarity, and flexibility.