1. Evidence of Evolution
SB5(c) Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory of evolution.

2. Biological Evolution
1) I think it is another term for natural selection
2) I think it mainly explains how life started
3) I think it mainly explains how life changed after it started.
4) I think it includes both how life started and how it changed after it started.

3. 3) It explains how life changed after it started
Biological Evolution
3) It explains how life changed after it started
Biological Evolution: living things change over time
The evidence for evolution comes in similarities called Homologies.

4. Modern Day Examples

5. http://upload. wikimedia

6. Natural Selection

7. http://www. knowabouthealth

8. http://www. answersingenesis. org/assets/images/articles/nab/h-pylori

9. http://upload. wikimedia

12. Building a case “detective work”

13. Clues come from Heredity
Traits inherited from parents

14. Genetically determined trait
child 1
child 2
Genetically determined trait
mom
Homology are traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor. 14

15. Homologous structure
trait inherited from a common ancestor- a.k.a. “mom”
Ancestor
“mom”
Species 1
Species 2
Genetically determined trait
Homology are traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor.

16. Genetically determined trait
Ancestor
“mom”
Species 1
Species 2
Genetically determined trait

17. Examples
University of California Museum of Paleontology

22. Analogous- similar but different

28. Fish that walked on land is missing link in evolution
By Mark Henderson, Science Correspondent
AN EVOLUTIONARY missing link that was among the first fish to leave the sea and walk on land has been unearthed in the Canadian Arctic. The fossil discovery illuminates a chapter in the history of life on Earth that was essential to the ultimate emergence of human beings. Tiktaalik roseae, which lived about 375 million years ago, has features that blur the distinction between fish and terrestrial limbed creatures.
The fossils found on Ellesmere Island, 600 miles from the North Pole, are a fine example of evolution in action. They have allowed scientists to freeze-frame a process of adaptation to land that took tens of millions of years, and which made possible the development of all the mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians that have existed since.
Without creatures such as Tiktaalik there would have been no dinosaurs, no primitive mammals and none of the hominids such as Australopithecus africanus and Homo erectus that started the human family tree.
“This animal represents the transition from water to land — the part of history that includes ourselves,” said Neil Shubin, of the University of Chicago, who led the discovery team. “It’s as much a part of our history as, say, Australopithecus africanus.”
Tiktaalik roseae was a predator with sharp teeth and a head shaped like a crocodile that grew to between 4ft and 9ft (1.2m and 2.7m) long.
It was named after consultation with elders from the Inuktikuk people native to the region, who suggested their word for “large shallow-water fish”. The second part of the name honours an anonymous benefactor of the research team.
It had several remarkable anatomical features that show it was capable not only of wading in shallow water, like slightly earlier fish on the cusp of the move to land, but also of supporting itself outside the water in the manner of four-limbed animals or tetrapods.
“Tiktaalik blurs the boundary between fish and land animals,” Dr Shubin said. “This animal is both fish and tetrapod. We jokingly call it a fishapod.”
Unlike fish, it had a defined neck and a strong ribcage that would have enabled it to stand outside water. Its pectoral fins had a wrist joint which enabled it to crawl on the ground.
Dr Shubin said this wrist is sufficiently similar to that of later animals, including human beings, to suggest that Tiktaalik or something very like it was an ancestor of all subsequent land animals. “Here’s a creature that has a fin that can do push-ups,” he said. “When we talk about the fish’s wrist, we’re talking about the origin of parts of our own wrist.”
Farish Jenkins, of Harvard University, said it was clear from Tiktaalik’s skeleton that it could support itself in shallow water or on land. “This represents a critical early phase in the evolution of all limbed animals, including humans.”
The Tiktaalik fossils were found in 2004 after a five-year search of a rock formation on Ellesmere, chosen because it was laid down during the late Devonian period, between 380 million and 365 million years ago, when the transition to land is known to have taken place. Although the rocks are now within the Arctic Circle, in the late Devonian they lay close to the Equator.
Richard Lane, of the US National Science Foundation, said: “These exciting discoveries are providing fossil ‘Rosetta Stones’ for a deeper understanding of this evolutionary milestone.
Independent experts said the find was spectacular. Andrew Milner, of the Natural History Museum, said: “Previous fossils representing this evolutionary event have really been fish with a few land characteristics, or land vertebrates with a few residual fish characteristics. These fossils show an animal that sits bang in the middle.”
Details are published in Nature and casts of the fossils will be displayed from today at the Science Museum, in London.

29. Genetic Evidence of change

30. Human and Chimpanzee genomes. M stands for Mitochondrial DNA

31. Molecular Evidence of change over time
Chromosome 2
Combined Primate Chromosome 12 & 13 through fusion

32. Chromosome 2 Activity

33. 1 4

34. http://humanorigins. si

35. Australopithecus afarensis Homo neanderthalensis
Homo erectus
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens sapiens

37. Location of foramen magnum

38. Femurs of upright walkers and ape
Quadrupedal animals like apes, have femurs in which the ball joint, the part that joins the pelvis, sits directly over the inside of the knee. The angle subtended by the femur at the knee in quadrupedal walkers is less than that of bipedal walkers.
This diagram shows the femur with the same shape and structure as that of modern humans, but it is a little shorter. It subtends the same angle at the knee as that of a modern human and the inner bump of the knee joint is larger than the outer one. This shows that this hominin was also a bipedal walker
This modern Homo sapiens bone shows the structure of the femur of an upright walker or bipedal animal. The ball joint, the part that joins the pelvis, sits directly over the outside of the knee. The angle subtended by the femur at the knee in bipedal walkers is greater than that of quadrupedal walkers. This results in the inner bump of the knee joint being longer than the outer bump.
Leg of modern human
Leg of ape
Leg of Australopithecus afarensis

40. Vestigial Structures

42. Coccyx

47. http://www. answersingenesis

49. Natural Selection It is the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction are favored than less beneficial traits.

50. Natural Selection: mechanism of evolution
1. There is genetic variation. For example, some beetles are green and some are brown. These characteristics give some individuals advantage.
2. There is overproduction of offspring. Pairs produce a lot of offspring in their lifetimes.
3. There is a struggle for existence.
There is a competition for resources, food, water, shelter and mates. This leads to:
4. Differential survival and reproduction: The more advantageous traits, i.e. brown coloration, which allows the beetle to have more offspring, becomes more common in the population. If this process continues, eventually, all individuals in the population will be brown.

55. Examples
University of California Museum of Paleontology

56. Wings flightless birds
Tail bone
Appendix
Male nipples?
Wisdom teeth?\
Nictating membrane
Erector pilli muscles/goose bumps
Hind leg bones snakes whales
Eyes in cave fish

57. Biological evolution
Homologous structure
Analogous structure
Vestigial structure

59. Evolution is the change in the inherited traits (DNA) of a population of organisms through successive generations.

60. Chimp-human chromosome differences
Chimp-human chromosome differences. The major structural difference is that human chromosome 2 (green color code) was derived from two smaller chromosomes that are found in other great apes (now called 2A and 2B, see: Entrez Pubmed ). Parts of human chromosome 2 are scattered among parts of several cat and rat chromosomes in these species that are more distantly related to humans (more ancient common ancestors; about 85 million years since the human/rodent common ancestor: Entrez Pubmed )

61. http://www. nature. com/nature/journal/v395/n6704/images/395792ac. tif

66. http://www. lifeslittlemysteries. com/images/stories/dogs-various-02

68. http://www. plosone. org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10. 1371%2Fjournal. pone

70. Thumb
Fused Carpal and metacarpal

73. http://evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/evo101/images/mustardselection

74. Human Chimpanzee Chromosome

75. http://upload. wikimedia