1. International Digital Library Open Access to Legacy Taxonomic Literature The Biodiversity Heritage Library

2. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library In any well-appointed Natural History Library there should be found every book and every edition of every book dealing in the remotest way with the subjects concerned. One never knows wherein one edition differs from or supplements the other and unless these are on the same table at the same time it is not possible to collate them properly. Moreover for accurate work it is necessary for the student to verify every reference he may find; it is not enough to copy from a previous author; he must verify each reference itself from the original. Charles Davies Sherborn, Epilogue to Index Animalium, March 1922 Charles Davies Sherborn (1861-1942)

3. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Yet another physical difficulty is the task of assembling the library and indexes which will enable the student to work under proper conditions…. the beginner must now be prepared to spend liberally, or else must establish himself in an institution where a large library exists; if he work by himself with only a few books, he will have to confine himself to a very narrow specialty indeed. 'The Limitations of Taxonomy' by J.M. Aldrich, Science, April 22, 1927, vol. LXV, no. 1686, p.381 Insecta. Diptera. Volume I (1886-1901)

4. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library The cited half-life of publications in taxonomy is longer than in any other scientific discipline -Macro-economic case for open access, Tom Moritz -Current taxonomic literature often relies on texts and specimens > 100 years old. Levinus Vincent Elenchus tabularum, pinacothecarum, 1719

5. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library The Taxonomic Impediment “The taxonomic impediment is a term that describes the gaps of knowledge in our taxonomic system” - Darwin Declaration, 1998 Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon Histoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808

6. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Thylacine from Philip Lutley Sclater, Guide to the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London, 1891 that there is access to information held in national/regional/global collections that electronic data is efficiently captured and provided in useable form that existing information held in literature and by current experts is made available electronically that stability of scientific names of organisms, used to access this information, is promoted - Darwin Declaration, 1998 The essential requirements for accessing and utilising this global information are:

7. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon Histoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808 Convention on Biological Diversity: Article 17 … exchange of information shall include exchange of results of technical, scientific and socio-economic research … It shall also, where feasible, include repatriation of information.

8. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Biologia Centrali-Americana Edited by Frederick Ducane Godman and Osbert Salvin London : Pub. for the editors by R. H. Porter, 1879-1915 Chart showing distribution in public collections of the complete 63 volume sets held worldwide. 2 complete copies in Central America held at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Library

9. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Henry Walter Bates The Naturalist on the River Amazons, 1863 Vishwas Chavan travels a lot. An informatician based at the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India, he collects data on what types of animal live where in India to enter into a biodiversity database … Much of the information Chavan seeks is in old, out-of-print tomes … To find them, Chavan has spent years trailing around libraries. He dreams of the day when books such as these are scanned and made available as digital files on the Internet. “Science in the Web Age: The Real Death of Print” by Andreas von Bubnoff Nature 438, 550-552 1 December 2005

10. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Progne subis- Purple Martin Illustrations of the nest and eggs of birds of Ohio, 1879-1886 Library and Laboratory: the Marriage of Research, Data and Taxonomic Literature London, February 2005 Eighty participants from 22 countries gathered to discuss the status and future of access to the taxonomic literature and to propose an agenda for actions that would improve the research environment for taxonomy. The participants were taxonomists; librarians; publishers; representatives of learned and professional societies, private foundations and government agencies; and specialists in information and communications technology.

11. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Ernest Ingersoll Hand-book to the National Museum … Smithsonian Institution, 1886 May 2005, the libraries represented at the London meeting gathered in Washington to lay out the ground work for the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Representatives of a number of major natural history and botanical libraries met at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., with the support of the Smithsonian Institution, to develop a strategy and operational plan to digitize the published literature of biodiversity held in their respective collections and to make that literature available for open access and responsible use as a part of a global “biodiversity commons.”

12. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Reptilia and Batrachia. (1885-1902) by Albert C.L.G. Günther Mandates: Open Access: all content can be reused, repurposed, reformatted, sliced, diced, scraped, and ???

13. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Reptilia and Batrachia. (1885-1902) by Albert C.L.G. Günther Mandates: Opt in Copyright Model: The BHL will actively work with professional societies and associations to integrate their publications into the BHL in a way that serves the societies’ missions and goals

14. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Jacob Christian Schäffer Elementa entomologica... 1766. Metadata Repository Store all bibliographic metadata for the member libraries; create volume, part, piece metadata; ingest page level metadata at scanning level for the creation of page level Globally Unique Identifiers (GUIDs) for linking to other taxonomic services

15. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository Member Catalog AMember Catalog B Item Records Bib. Records Item Records Bib. Records Item Records BHL MR Bib Records

16. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository

17. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository Internet Archive Z39.50 Fetch: Internet Archive from BHL (Current Practice) Could be some other way to depending on metadata scheme (e.g. OAI-PHM?) BHL MR Bib Records BHL MR Item Records

18. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository First Ingest Internet Archive Bib #BarcodeSub-element 45632390888343 45632390888344 45632390888345 45632390888346 45632390888347

19. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository Sub-Element Map Internet Archive Bib #BarcodeSub-element 456323908883431 456323908883432 456323908883433 456323908883434 456323908883435

20. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository Bib #BarcodeSub-element 456323908883431 Page Structure Map Internet Archive Image Number 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 If possible, auto create explicit automated page numbering at this point

21. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository II Internet Archive Z39.50 Fetch: BHL from Internet Archive or some other way to upload matching description with the scanned images. BHL MR Bib Records BHL MR Item Records Sub-element & page /image structure map

22. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository II Bib #BarcodeSub-element 456323908883431 Bib/Sub-element/Page Structure Map Image Number 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 BHL MR

23. International Digital Library BHL Metadata Repository II Internet ArchiveBHL MR BHL Public Interface Taxonomic Web Services e.g. CBOL, GBIF, ITIS, GenBank, INOTAXA documents, etc. BHL MR

24. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Agatea violaris Type specimen from the U.S. National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution) collected by the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842

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27. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library - Specimen - Plate or other visual image - Taxonomic description

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34. International Digital Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Co-evolving bioinformatics resources produce a rich information ecology : Consortium for the Barcoding of Life (CBOL) with gene sequences deposited in GenBank. GBIF’s Electronic Catalog of Taxonomic Names Hebaria and museum specimen databases Electronic Gazetteers and GPS. Additional services – you’re invited to help