1. 課程大綱 Introduction of Electromagnetic Theory (1)
Transmission Line Theory (2)
Transmission Line (3, 10.5)
Microwave Network Analysis (4)
Impedance Matching and Tuning (5)
Microwave resonators (6)
ps. 括弧中之數字代表所對應教科書之章節

2. 教學目標
以傳輸線理論為基礎，學習微波電路設計所需之基本原理和技巧，包括微波網路及諧振器分析和阻抗匹配方法，以期應用在微波被動式與主動式元件及電路系統設計上。

3. 教科書
D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3nd. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
參考資料
Lecture Note by Prof. T.S. Horng, E.E. Dept. NSYSU.
T.C. Edwards and M.B. Steer, Foundations of Interconnect and Microstrip Design, 3nd. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

4. 考試重點(Open Book) 評分標準 簡答題 重點敘述 課本內容之Point of Interest 設計及計算題 範例及問題 習題
期中考 40%
期末考 40%
二次(模擬)作業 20%

5. 名詞解釋
The term microwave (微波) refers to alternating current signals with frequencies between 300 MHz (3108 Hz) and 30 GHz (31010 Hz), with a corresponding electrical wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm. (Pozar defines the range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz)
The term millimeter wave (毫米波) refers to alternating current signals with frequencies between 30 GHz (31010 Hz) to 300 GHz (31011 Hz), with a corresponding electrical wavelength between 1 cm to 1 mm.
The term RF (射頻) is an abbreviation for the “Radio Frequency”. It refers to alternating current signals that are generally applied to radio applications, with a wide electromagnetic spectrum covering from several hundreds of kHz to millimeter waves.

6. Microwave Applications

7. Functional Block Diagram of a Communication System
Input signal
(Audio, Video, Data)
Input Transducer
Transmitter
Wire or
Wireless
Channel
Output signal
(Audio, Video, Data)
Output Transducer
Receiver
Electrical System

8. Antenna and Wave Propagation
Microwave & Millimeter Wave
Satellite
communication
Ionsphere
Sky Wave
Repeaters(Terrestrial communication)
antenna
Direct Wave
Surface Wave
Receiving Antenna
Transmitting Antenna
Earth

9. Wireless Electromagnetic ChannelsRF
Microwave
Millimeter
Wave

10. Natural and manmade sources of background noise

11. Absorption by the atmosphere
Remote sensing:
20 or 55
GHz
Spacecraft Communication:
60 GHz
Communication
Windows:
35.94and 135
GHz , below 10 GHz

12. IEEE Standard C recommended power density limits for human exposure to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields

13. Popular Wireless Transmission Frequencies

14. Popular Wireless Applications

15. Wireline and Fiber Optic ChannelsRF
Millimeter
wave
Microwave
Wireline
Coaxial Cable
Waveguide
Fiber
1 kHz
10 kHz
100 kHz
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
1 GHz
10 GHz
100 GHz
1014 Hz
1015 Hz

16. Guided Structures at RF Frequencies
Conventional Transmission Lines and Waveguides
Planar Transmission Lines and Waveguides
Good for Long Distance Communication
Good for Microwave Integrated Circuit (MIC) Applications

17. Theory l >>  l <<  l   Conventional Circuit Theory
Microwave Engineering
Optics
l >> 
l << 
l  
Wireline
Coaxial Cable
Waveguide
Fiber
1 kHz
10 kHz
100 kHz
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
1 GHz
10 GHz
100 GHz
1014 Hz
1015 Hz
Transmission Line

18. RF & Microwave Background Build-Up
RF and Microwave ICs and Systems
RF and Microwave Active and Nonlinear Components
Goal for this course
RF and Microwave Passive Components
Transmission Line
Impedance Matching
Microwave Network
Microwave Resonator
Circuit Theory, Electronics, Electromagnetics

19. Electromagnetic Theory
Chapter 1
Electromagnetic Theory

20. History of Microwave Engineering
J.C. Maxwell ( ) formulated EM theory in 1873.
O. Heaviside ( ) introduced vector notation and provided an analysis foundation for guided waves and transmission lines from 1885 to 1887.
H. Hertz ( ) verified the EM propagation along wire experimentally from 1887 to 1891
G. Marconi ( ) invented the idea of wireless communication and developed the first practical commercial radio communication system in 1896.
E.H. Armstrong ( ) invented superheterodyne architecure and frequency modulation (FM) in 1917.
N. Marcuvitz, I.I. Rabi, J.S. Schwinger, H.A. Bethe, E.M. Purcell, C.G. Montgomery, and R.H. Dicke built up radar theory and practice at MIT in 1940s (World War II).
ps. The names underlined were Nobel Prize winners.
Maxell (English)
Heaviside (English)
Hertz (German)
Marconi (Italian, NL 1909, in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy)
Armstrong (USA)
I.I. Rabi (USA, NL, 1944, for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei)
J.S. Schwinger (USA, NL, 1965, for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles)
H.A. Bethe (USA, NL, 1967, for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars)
E.M Purcell (USA, NL, 1952, for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith).

21. Maxwell’s Equations
Equations in point (differential) form of time-varying
Equations in integral form
Generally, EM fields and sources vary with space (x, y, z) and time (t) coordinates.

22. Time-Harmonic Fields
When steady-state condition is considered, phasor representations of Maxwell’s equations can be written as : (time dependence by multiply e -jt )
Where MKS system of units is used, and
E : electric field intensity, in V/m.
H : magnetic field intensity, in A/m.
D : electric flux density, in Coul/m2.
B : magnetic flux density, in Wb/m2.
M : (fictitious) magnetic current density, in V/m2.
J : electric current density, in A/m2.
ρ: electric charge density, in Coul/m3.
ultimate source of the electromagnetic field.
Q : total charge contained in closed surface S.
I : total electric current flow through surface S.

23. where 0 = 8.85410-12 farad/m is the permittivity of free space.
In free space
In istropic materials
(e.g. Crystal structure and ionized gases)
where 0 = 8.85410-12 farad/m is the permittivity of free space.
μ0 = 410-7 Henry/m is the permeability of free space.
Question : 2(6) equations are not enough to solve 4(12) unknown
field components
Constitutive Relations
Complex and 
where Pe is electric polarization, Pm is magnetic polarization,
e is electric susceptibility, and m is magnetic susceptibility.
The negative imaginary part of  and  account for loss in medium (heat).

24. where  is conductivity (conductor loss),
ω’’ is loss due to dielectric damping,
(ω’’ + ) can be seen as the total effective conductivity,
 is loss angle.
In a lossless medium,  and  are real numbers.
Microwave materials are usually characterized by specifying the real permittivity, ’=r0,and the loss tangent at a certain frequency.
It is useful to note that, after a problem has been solved assuming a lossless dielectric, loss can easily be introduced by replaced the real  with a complex .

25. Example1.1 : In a source-free region, the electric field intensity is given as follow. Find the signal frequency?
Solution :

26. Boundary Conditions Fields at a dielectric interface
Fields at the interface with a perfect conductor (Electric Wall)
It is analogous to the relations between voltage and current at the end of a short-circuited transmission line.
Magnetic Wall boundary condition (not really exist)
It is analogous to the relations between voltage and current at the end of a open-circuited transmission line.

27. Helmholtz (Vector) Wave Equation
In a source-free, linear, isotropic, and homogeneous
medium
Solutions of above wave equations
Plane wave in a lossless medium
is defined the wavenumber, or propagation constant
, of the medium; its unit are 1/m.
is wave impedance, intrinsic impedance of medium.
In free space, 0=377.

28. In wave equations, j k  for following conditions.
is phase velocity, defined as a fixed phase point on the wave travels.
In free space, vp=c=2.998108 m/s.
is wavelength, defined as the distance between two successive maximum (or minima) on the wave.
In wave equations, j k  for following conditions.
Plane wave in a general lossy medium
Good conductor
Condition: (1)  >>ω or (2) ’’>>’
is skin depth or penetration depth, defined as the amplitude of fields in the conductor decay by an amount 1/e or 36.8%, after traveling a distance of one skin depth.