1. APUSH CHAPTER 4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607-1692

3. Only about 1 in 7 in the North belonged to a church –Smaller ratio in the South Anglican Church- –Official religion of VA, MD (as of 1692), Carolinas, GA, and parts of NY –Established the college of William and Mary in 1693 to train ministers –Weakened by lack of Bishops in New World Congregational Church- –Grew out of the Puritan Church –Prominent in New England –Initially all citizens of a community supported church through taxes regardless of faith Eventually non-members exempted from tax Religion in the Colonies

4. Presbyterian Church- –Closely associated with Congregational Church (both were Calvinists) –Difference was that Presbyterians believed that all Presbyterian churches constituted a unified body Quakers- –Large numbers in PA, NJ, DE, and RI –Believed in “inner light” concept which caused them to Quake during worship –Pacifists who hated New England slave trade; 1 st real abolitionists in colonies Jews –1 st Jews arrived in mid 1600’s; located in RI, NY, PA, MD, and SC –Approximately 1,500 in colonies by mid 1700’s Religion in the Colonies

5. Presbyterian Church- –Closely associated with Congregational Church (both were Calvinists) –Difference was that Presbyterians believed that all Presbyterian churches constituted a unified body Quakers- –Large numbers in PA, NJ, DE, and RI –Believed in “inner light” concept which caused them to Quake during worship –Pacifists who hated New England slave trade; 1 st real abolitionists in colonies Jews –1 st Jews arrived in mid 1600’s; located in RI, NY, PA, MD, and SC –Approximately 1,500 in colonies by mid 1700’s Religion in the Colonies

6. Presbyterian Church- –Closely associated with Congregational Church (both were Calvinists) –Difference was that Presbyterians believed that all Presbyterian churches constituted a unified body Quakers- –Large numbers in PA, NJ, DE, and RI –Believed in “inner light” concept which caused them to Quake during worship –Pacifists who hated New England slave trade; 1 st real abolitionists in colonies Jews –1 st Jews arrived in mid 1600’s; located in RI, NY, PA, MD, and SC –Approximately 1,500 in colonies by mid 1700’s Religion in the Colonies

7. The Great Awakening 1 st mass social movement in American Colonies Primarily in the Southern and middle colonies Religion in America had become more liberal over the decades Great Awakening was a movement back towards a more conservative style of religion

8. The Great Awakening Arminianism: Directly challenged Calvinism’s predestination doctrine and was supported increasingly by liberal ministers –Stated man is not helpless in achieving salvation; his will can be an effective force in his being saved

9. The Great Awakening Jonathon Edwards Credited with starting the great awakening in 1734 Very influential theologian and writer Blasted the idea of salvation through free will (arminianism); dependence on –God's grace is paramount Emphasized eternal damnation Style was learned and reasoned; not emotional like other "new lights"

10. The Great Awakening George Whitefield Englishman who traveled extensively throughout the colonies Gave rousing speeches and drew large crowds Created Methodism in GA and SC Most influential figure in Great Awakening Referred to the Bible

11. The Great Awakening 1 st mass social movement in American Colonies Primarily in the Southern and middle colonies Religion in America had become more liberal over the decades Great Awakening was a movement back towards a more conservative style of religion

12. Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:  Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.  Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.  Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.  Need for cheap, abundant labor. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

13. English Tobacco Label First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.  Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.  Slavery not that important until the end of the 17 c.

14. ))  Headright System  Headright System: Plantation owners were given 50 acres for every indentured servant they sponsored to come to America.  Indentured Contract  Indentured Contract: Served plantation owner for 7 years as a laborer in return for passage to America.  Freedom Dues  Freedom Dues: Once servant completed his contract, he/she was freed….They were given land, tools, seed and animals. However, they did not receive voting rights.

15. African slavery indentured servitude What factors led to the introduction of African slavery replacing indentured servitude as the labor force in the American Colonies? What factors led to the introduction of African slavery slavery replacing indentured servitude servitude as the labor force in the American Colonies?

17. Bacon’s Rebellion ( 1676 - 1677) Nathaniel Bacon represents former indentured servants. Governor William Berkeley of Jamestown

18. Late 1600s  large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.  Little access to land or women for marriage. 1670  The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men! Frustrated Freemen

19. Involved former indentured servants Not accepted in Jamestown Disenfranchised and unable to receive their land Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements from Indian attacks

20. Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley  Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.  Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.  Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

21. Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for rebels Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and erupts into a civil war. Bacon dies, Gov. Berkeley puts down rebellion and several rebels are hung Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.

22. It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.  Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!! Results of Bacon’s Rebellion

24. Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line”

25. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

27. Slavery has been practiced since the beginning of documented history. Slavery introduced by the Spanish into the West Indies after Columbus’s discovery of America. Spanish and Portuguese expanded African slavery into Central and South American after enslaved Indians began dying off. In 1619, the first recorded introduction of African slaves into what would become the United States was in the settlement of Jamestown……Only 20 slaves were purchased…. Slaves captured in Africa Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage

28. Indentured Servants Indentured servants became the first means to meet this need for labor. In return for free passage to Virginia, a laborer worked for four to five years in the fields before being granted freedom. The Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of land for every inhabitant they brought to the New World. Naturally, the colony began to expand. That expansion was soon challenged by the Native American confederacy formed and named after Powhatan

30. As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.  Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.  Early 1600s  differences between slave and servant were unclear. By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants. Colonial Slavery

31. African Captives in Yokes

32. Slave Trade in the Congo

33. Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa

35. This is called the Middle Passage

36. The “Middle Passage”

37. “Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

38. Slave Ship Interior

39. Onboard the Slave Ship

40. Revolt Aboard a Slave Ship

41. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic!

42. Notice of a Slave Auction

43. First Slave Auction New Amsterdam (Dutch New York City - 17c)

44. Inspection and Sale

45. Slave Master Brands

46. Slave With Iron Muzzle

47. 30 Lashes

48. Whipped Slave, early 19c

49. A Slave Lynching

50. Negro Hung Alive by Waist

55. Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S. 250 insurrections have been documented; between 1780 and 1864. 91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone. First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.

56. September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two storekeepers they found there. "With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents. Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed.Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed. Stono County Rebellion

57. Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of slave laws/codes which restricted the movement of the slaves. Slaves were not taught to read or writeSlaves were not taught to read or write Restricted to the plantationRestricted to the plantation Slaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not congregate after dark Slaves could not possess any type of firearmSlaves could not possess any type of firearm A larger slave population than white in some statesA larger slave population than white in some states Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts and wanting to escape.

58. Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”  Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.  In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.  Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom. Colonial Slavery

59. SLAVE CODES Could not own property Leave the premises without permission Possess firearms Testify against a white person Not allowed to learn to read or write

60. PLANTERS URBAN PROFESSIONALS YEOMAN FARMERS RURAL POOR ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS SOUTHERN SOCIETY

62. Contributions to American character  Democracy (within church) via town meetings and voting rights to church members (starting in 1631)  Townhall meetings, democracy in its purest form.  Villagers met to elect their officials and attend civic issues Perfectionism  Puritans sought to create a utopia based on God's laws  Argued against slavery on moral grounds  Ideas lay foundation for later reform movements : abolition of slavery, women's rights, education, prohibition, prison reform, etc.  Protestant work ethic : those who were faithful and worked hard and succeeded were seen favorably by God.  Education and community.

63. The decline of Puritanism  First generation Puritans began losing their religious zeal as time went on.  Puritan population moved out of town away from control of church.  Too much religious intoleration  Children of non-converted members could not be baptized.  The jeremiad, was used by preachers to scold parishioners into being more committed to their faith.  "Half-Way Covenant",1662: sought to attract more members by giving partial membership  Puritan churches baptized anyone and distinction between the "elect" and other members of society subsided.  Salem Witch Trials, 1692 -- The decline of Puritan clergy

64. Half-Way Covenant 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over time Problem of declining church membership Half-Way Covenant1662: Half-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members) Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”

65.  The Salem Witch Trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts from March to September 1693, was one of the most notorious episodes in early American history.  Based on the accusations of two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams.  Under British law and Puritan society those who were accused of consorting with the devil were considered felons, having committed a crime against their government. The punishment was hanging.

66.  19 hung, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches and 150 awaited trial.  Shows the strictness of Puritan society  Shows how a rumor can cause hysteria even to illogical thinking.  Later, many people involved admitted the trials & executions had been mistake. Causes  disapproval of Reverend Parris  land disputes between families,  Indian taught witchcraft to girls.  Girls caught dancing, began to throw fits and accuse people of bewitching (To put under one's power by magic or cast a spell over) them to not get in trouble.

67. The Salem Witch Trials Background and Modern Implications

68. O Christian Martyr Who for Truth could die When all about thee Owned the hideous lie! The world, redeemed from superstition's sway, Is breathing freer for thy sake today. Words written by John Greenleaf Whittier and inscribed on a monument marking the grave of Rebecca Nurse, one of the condemned "witches" of Salem.

69. Synopsis of the Trials From June through September of 1692, nineteen men and women, all having been convicted of witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hill, a barren slope near Salem Village, for hanging. Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges.

70. Synopsis of the Trials Hundreds of others faced accusations of witchcraft. Dozens languished in jail for months without trials. Then, almost as soon as it had begun, the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts ended.

71. Causes of the Witch Hysteria Governmental Instability –The provincial government was in transition because of the removal of Sir Edmund Andros, (who was appointed by the king to rule over the newly-created Dominion of New England) due to discontent with his methods and beliefs, –The government responded too slowly to prevent the executions of twenty due to this hysteria.

72. Causes of the Witch Hysteria This incident displayed the everyday tensions that existed in the colonies at the time and reflected a growing fear of one’s neighbors as the trials built to a fever pitch

73. Causes of the Witch Hysteria Many other factors contributed to this hysteria: –Generational strife –Tensions between agricultural Salem Village and commercial Salem Town –Possibly an outbreak of food poisoning that may have caused hallucinations –The Salem Witch trials were indicative of the times, which was marked by war, economic and political disruption, and erosion of the society’s utopian vision