1. Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

2. Bases Other Than e and Applications Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

3. 3 Define exponential functions that have bases other than e. Differentiate and integrate exponential functions that have bases other than e. Use exponential functions to model compound interest and exponential growth. Objectives

4. 4 Bases Other than e

5. 5 The base of the natural exponential function is e. This “natural” base can be used to assign a meaning to a general base a.

6. 6 These functions obey the usual laws of exponents. For instance, here are some familiar properties. 1. a 0 = 12. a x a y = a x + y 3. 4. (a x ) y = a xy When modeling the half-life of a radioactive sample, it is convenient to use as the base of the exponential model. (Half-life is the number of years required for half of the atoms in a sample of radioactive material to decay.) Bases Other than e

7. 7 The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5715 years. A sample contains 1 gram of carbon-14. How much will be present in 10,000 years? Solution: Let t = 0 represent the present time and let y represent the amount (in grams) of carbon-14 in the sample. Using a base of, you can model y by the equation Notice that when t = 5715, the amount is reduced to half of the original amount. Example 1 – Radioactive Half-Life Model

8. 8 When t = 11,430, the amount is reduced to a quarter of the original amount, and so on. To find the amount of carbon-14 after 10,000 years, substitute 10,000 for t. ≈ 0.30 gram The graph of y is shown in Figure 5.23. Example 1 – Solution Figure 5.25 cont’d

9. 9 Bases Other than e Logarithmic functions to bases other than e can be defined in much the same way as exponential functions to other bases are defined.

10. 10 Logarithmic functions to the base a have properties similar to those of the natural logarithmic function. 1. log a 1 = 0 2. log a xy = log a x + log a y 3. log a x n = n log a x 4. log a = log a x – log a y From the definitions of the exponential and logarithmic functions to the base a, it follows that f(x) = a x and g(x) = log a x are inverse functions of each other. Bases Other than e

11. 11 The logarithmic function to the base 10 is called the common logarithmic function. So, for common logarithms, Bases Other than e

12. 12 Example 2 – Bases Other Than e Solve for x in each equation. a. 3 x = b. log 2 x = –4 Solution: a. To solve this equation, you can apply the logarithmic function to the base 3 to each side of the equation. x = log 3 3 – 4 x = –4

13. 13 b. To solve this equation, you can apply the exponential function to the base 2 to each side of the equation. log 2 x = –4 x = Example 2 – Solution cont’d

14. 14 Differentiation and Integration

15. 15 Differentiation and Integration To differentiate exponential and logarithmic functions to other bases, you have three options: (1) use the definitions of a x and log a x and differentiate using the rules for the natural exponential and logarithmic functions, (2) use logarithmic differentiation, or (3) use the following differentiation rules for bases other than e given in the next theorem.

16. 16 Differentiation and Integration

17. 17 Example 3 – Differentiating Functions to Other Bases Find the derivative of each function. a. y = 2 x b. y = 2 3x c. y = log 10 cos x d.

18. 18 a. b. c. d. Before differentiating, rewrite the function using logarithmic properties. Example 3 – Solution

19. 19 Example 3 (d) – Solution (cont) d. (cont) Next, apply Theorem 5.13 to differentiate the function.

20. 20 Occasionally, an integrand involves an exponential function to a base other than e. When this occurs, there are two options: (1) convert to base e using the formula a x = e (In a)x and then integrate, or (2) integrate directly, using the integration formula which follows from Theorem 5.13. Differentiation and Integration

21. 21 Example 4 – Integrating an Exponential Function to Another Base Find ∫2 x dx. Solution: ∫2 x dx = + C

22. 22 Differentiation and Integration

23. 23 Example 5 – Comparing Variables and Constants a. [e e ] = 0 b. [e x ] = e x c. [x e ] = ex e –1

24. 24 Example 5 – Comparing Variables and Constants d. cont’d

25. 25 Applications of Exponential Functions

26. 26 Applications of Exponential Functions An amount of P dollars is deposited in an account at an annual interest rate r (in decimal form). What is the balance in the account at the end of 1 year? The answer depends on the number of times n the interest is compounded according to the formula A = P

27. 27 Applications of Exponential Functions For instance, the result for a deposit of $1000 at 8% interest compounded n times a year is shown in the table.

28. 28 Applications of Exponential Functions As n increases, the balance A approaches a limit. To develop this limit, use the following theorem.

29. 29 Applications of Exponential Functions To test the reasonableness of this theorem, try evaluating for several values of x, as shown in the table at the right.

30. 30 Applications of Exponential Functions Given Theorem 5.15, take another look at the formula for the balance A in an account in which the interest is compounded n times per year. By taking the limit as n approaches infinity, you obtain

31. 31 Applications of Exponential Functions This limit produces the balance after 1 year of continuous compounding. So, for a deposit of $1000 at 8% interest compounded continuously, the balance at the end of 1 year would be A = 1000e 0.08 ≈ $1083.29.

32. 32 Applications of Exponential Functions

33. 33 Example 6 – Comparing Continuous, Quarterly, and Monthly Compounding A deposit of $2500 is made in an account that pays an annual interest rate of 5%. Find the balance in the account at the end of 5 years if the interest is compounded (a) quarterly, (b) monthly, and (c) continuously. Solution:

34. 34 Example 6 – Solution cont’d