1. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT FUSION REACTOR RADIOACTIVE WASTES: results, recycling, open issues and R&D W.Gulden, S.Ciattaglia EFDA Close Support Unit, S&E Field, Garching Germany Outline Introduction Radioactive waste from Fusion Reactors categorization and quantification acceptability in EU repositories recycling (operating experience, open issues) Strategy and R&D Conclusions

2. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Introduction The four (+1) conceptual design for commercial fusion power plants differ in their dimensions, gross power and power density but All models meet the overall objectives of the PPCS: design, safety, economics. Confirmed the intrinsic safety characteristis of all the models Comprehensive safety analysis of PPCS has showed “No evacuation” criteria is met with margin also in case of BDBA driven by internal events Intrinsic-passive safety features have been confirmed also from the bounding accident sequence analyses Model B, BDBA LOFA + in-vessel LOCA provides the largest environmental source terms (well below the evacuation limit: 0.42 versus 50 mSv) ORE needs attention Radioactive wastes amount are significant

3. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Radioactive waste from fusion reactors ÜThe fusion radioactive wastes are characterised by low heat generation density and low radiotoxicity. ÜTherefore recycling could be a viable option ÜStoring the fusion radioactive materials for 50-100 years on the plant allows reduction of radioactivity level waste masses ÜTheir amount is significant in terms of amount and volume ÜRadioactive wastes represent a very important aspect with respect to Ä Cost Ä Licensing Ä Public acceptance Therefore significant effort have to be pursued in order to reduce their amount

4. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Plants main features Model AModel BModel CModel D Structural materialEurofer SiC/SiC CoolantWaterHeliumLiPb/HeliumLiPb BreederLiPbLi4SiO4LiPb TBR1.061.121.151.12 Structural materialCuCrZrW alloy SiC/SiC Armour materialW alloy Blanket DV

5. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Decay Heat Models A & B

6. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Specific activity of the mid-plane outboard first wall in four Plant Models Dominant radioisotopes ÜH3, Be10, Ni 63, C14, Co60, Nb94, Ag108m, Activation of tokamak structures and components

7. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Categorisation and quantification ÜEvaluated the operational and decommissioning waste quantity ÜA useful classification considered till now (waste as PDW, CRM, SRM, NAW) is under discussion in order to Ä take into account the operating experience with NPP wastes Ä Include the limits of the actual repositories Ä consider the possible results of a dedicated R&D programme for Fusion waste recycling

8. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT For ALL the Models: ÜActivation falls rapidly: by a factor 10,000 after a hundred years ÜSignificant contribution to SRM and CRM from operational wastes ÜPotentiality to have no waste for permanent repository disposal ÜPresence of tritiated +  activated wastes too Wastes from model B Waste Management: evaluation and categorisation

9. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Waste Management: masses

10. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT If no recycling is planned, the amount of wastes to be disposed after 100 years, is equal to the CRM+SRM amounts Suitability and capability analyses of the final waste repositories in a few EU countries to store the PPCS wastes were performed (Konrad and Gorleben in Germany, SFR and SFL 3-5 in Sweden, CSA in France, El Cabril and DGR in Spain) With reference to Model B and German regulations, the fusion reactor waste can be all disposed in Konrad. For a few ones, detritiation is necessary to meet the relevant limits Acceptability in EU repositories

11. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Recycling Present operating experience basically limited to SRM Üthe melting process is applied in fission to homogenize the material (easy to measure), to separate the contamination from the base melt and for a volume reduction (~80%) Ümelting of slightly radioactive metallic materials is well developed for NPP on materials with low activities, 200 Bq/g as average (limit from ORE to the staff) Üan activity level of 1000 Bq/g should be feasible to handle without remote control Üsome melting facilities are set up to perform “hands on” recycling; only the furnace is in some cases fed by an automatic system. Others are mostly remote controlled, but some operations demand still the operator intervention Üthe development of a reliable melting facility completely remote controlled is feasible (some R&D is necessary) Ümaterials treated up-to now: Al, Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Pb, Cu, Zn, Brass Üthe products of a melting are simple ingots; if the material is re-used afterwards it is melted again and mixed with other materials Üthe melting facilities are equipped with test furnaces which can be used for test on fusion materials. Such tests will already give an idea of the applicability of the melting process in fusion recycling

12. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Open Issues The NPP waste recycling techniques are not mature/ extendible to Fusion wastes ÜLimits (Activity) too severe, high dose rate even after 100 years of decay : needs of RH ÜThe materials treated up to now are limited and the products are simple (e.g. ingots) ÜThe tritium present in the fusion materials is a problem for the off-gas treatment Ü Some fusion materials can not be submitted to the melting process (i.e. those joined by special bonding techniques). Other techniques are necessary to be developed During fabrication the fusion materials are submitted to sophisticated testing Some parameters are not yet known when using recycled materials:  Influence of the impurities  Influence of the build up of activation products  Influence on material properties  Dose rate and activity level  As RH is unavoidable, the recycling process could be done immediately (i.e. for operational wastes) or after decommissioning: here a decay period can have a lot of advantages Recycling

13. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Decay 60 dDecay 1 yDecay 10 y Decay time Activity of the fusion materials in comparison with the activity limits of the present recycling facilities

14. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Strategy and R&D  show to the public that recycling can be applied on fusion materials and there is no waste burden for future generations. (Future generations can then decide whether recycling is economically acceptable at that time)  the material cycle of the fusion material and equipment should be studied in detail. Where necessary and if possible, the material design could be adapted for easy recycling afterwards  There are still many years before the production of Fusion reactor wastes: an R&D plan has to be launched  Benefiting from NPPs waste recycling as far as possible  Defining an ad-hoc programme considering the peculiarities of Fusion Wastes  Close feedback with designers of structural components to take into account the waste issue in their R&D programme at the highest importance

15. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 2 tasks are going to be launched Study on Recycling of Fusion Activated Materials 1.strategies, feasibility and limitations for recycling structural material 2.detritiation needs, the relevant technique available and/or their feasibility for the most relevant tritiated components 3.consideration about the cost of recycling considering a few significant scenarios 4.limitations to the practical recycling of fusion materials, possibly leading to a re- assessment of the criteria to be adopted in the categorisation of waste materials from a fusion power plant 5.proposal for a mid-long term R&D step by step plan in order to implement the recycling at the maximum extension possible Complex Recycling of Fusion Wastes 1.a completion of the status and what is on going or planned in the fission industry about recycling/reuse of radioactive waste. Extrapolation to fusion power reactor wastes and feasibility of recycling and reuse of fusion materials A big effort is necessary in the mid-long term R&D 2005-2006

16. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Conclusions The four(+1) PPCS conceptual design for commercial fusion power plants differ in their dimensions, gross power and power density All models meet the overall objectives of the PPCS: design, safety, economics Comprehensive safety analysis of PPCS has showed “No evacuation” criteria is met Intrinsic-passive safety features has been confirmed Model B, BDBA LOFA + in-vessel LOCA provides the largest environmental source terms ORE needs attention Wastes amount are significant but they are characterised by low decay heat and low radiotoxicity. There is the potentiality to have no need of permanent disposal waste after 100 years from shutdown if complex recycling is applied

17. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Most of the open issues are relevant to the short life time of first wall components This issue is leading most of the future R&D Physics advanced plasma scenarios (improved confinement), in particular good confinement regime with divertor tolerant ELMs regimes with large fraction of plasma current is driven not inductively control of plasma transients: ELMs, VDEs and disruptions SOL, particle exhaust and control Materials&components optimisation of low activation martensitic steels, use of ODS development of more advanced materials (e.g. W as structural material and SiC/SiC) He cooled divertor development and test of blanket and divertor systems development and qualification of RH Safety Control of dust and tritium in the VV (source terms) Lack of operating experience (Reliability of prototypes, ORE minimisation) Waste management: quantity of operational waste, tritiated +  waste disposal Detritiation Recycling Conclusions: issues and relevant R&D

18. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Answers expected from ITER operation EFDA R&D technology programme DEMO power plant study Strategy and R&D on reactor fusion wastes Benefit from Recycling of NPP wastes as much as possible Detritiation needs and relevant techniques Reduction of wastes as one of the power plant design criteria of highest importance R&D on existing/modified recycling facilities with reference to fusion specific wastes RH development Cost considerations-optimisations Reduction of waste is possible through a mid-long term strong-focussed R&D programme Conclusions: issues and relevant R&D