2. Toward a new era of intellectual property: capacity building from the bottom up E. Richard Gold President, The Innovation Partnership Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, McGill University Building and Maintaining Sustainable Global Health Partnerships May 8th, 2009

3. Outline The problem A new methodology Our results Conclusion

4. The problem The world’s medicine cabinet is emptying as the pipeline of new biomedicines is drying up The costs of research and development have increased as the easy to find medicines have been found and regulatory standards rise Developing country concerns over access to medicines and to other technologies have pushed international organisations such as the WTO, WIPO and WHO to adopt development-friendly positions on IP

5. The problem Controversies over patents in health care and agriculture have soured the public’s attitudes toward patents – Launch of a lawsuit against South Africa over access to HIV/AIDS medications by 39 pharmaceutical companies in 1998 – Crisis resulting from Myriad Genetics’s patents over two breast and ovarian cancer gene – Fears over GMOs and patent lawsuit against farmers

6. The problem Developing countries express concern over the imposition of high-income country patent standards on them – Yet developing countries often surpass the requirements that international treaties impose on them International treaties provide countries, not communities, with control over natural resource access – These countries often do not protect the communities that live there

7. The problem Researchers too often conduct their research and fail to involve communities or come back to explain their research findings Many developing country research institutions think that they can attract major financing by commercialising their inventions Indigenous groups are led to believe that their knowledge can also be translated into income

8. A new methodology We developed a set of multiple, overlapping research methods – Development of a model the encompasses all disciplines and perspectives – Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data across 18 countries over one decade in biotechnology – Preparation of case studies from both developed and developing countries looking at different aspects of the innovation process – 7 international workshops of experts on three continents – Supplemented by legal, econometric, economic and business analyses

9. Our results We identified 6 themes from our research – Trust – Better communications – Creating new models of collaboration – Building and maintaining scientific infrastructures – Developing new analytical tools – Data and metrics

10. Trust Our case studies revealed that a lack of trust undermined the effective use of IP – Indigenous peoples often mistrust governments that are charged with protecting their interests environment – It prevented Brazilian traditional communities from being able to work with researchers – It prevented an effective response in Canada to ensure access to medicines

11. Capacity Building Recommendation: Governments should support independent, non-governmental and non-industry organisations to engage indigenous communities at a grass-roots level in training related to a host of issues around access and benefit sharing agreements, contracting and intellectual property To implement: We worked with Mam people in Huehuetenango, Guatemala to create a capacity building program on intellectual property in relation to their genetic resources and traditional knowledge

12. Approach to Capacity Building We work in partnership with communities, on their terms, and on those subjects that they choose We educate our partnering communities about the relative advantages and disadvantages of pursuing different strategies We aim to build decision-making capacity in a way that is tailored to meet our partners’ particular needs and sensitive to varying economic and cultural realities We train broad community as well as leaders to leave expertise behind

13. Scientific infrastructure There is a growing body of research occurring within developing countries This research usually is not taken further because of lack of skill, lack of funding and lack of laboratories Africa and other regions face a brain drain A critical problem is lack of high-speed Internet access Developed and developing country universities can build programmes to train scientists at home A key missing ingredient is knowledge about how to use the intellectual property system to further dissemination and development

14. IP Management Training Recommendation: Governments, industry and public institutions should sponsor capacity building programs on technology transfer and IP management for low- and middle-income countries and for aboriginal communities in high-income countries Implementation: In June-August 2007, we, together with partners in Kenya, developed a training program for 25 senior scientists on intellectual property management

15. IP Management Training Training engaged local experts and adapted to research and conditions in Eastern Africa Training included – Basic understanding of intellectual property systems (patents, copyright, plant variety protection, genetic resources) – Basic licensing and transactions in university/research institution technology – Basic concepts in establishing an IP strategy Students returned to their home institutions to conduct an IP audit

16. IP Management Training As a result of this training, most of the participants became involved with developing their IP policy or establishing a technology transfer office Through the interaction of the participants and the local trainers, we left behind a network of experts who can mutually support one another We have been asked to conduct more advanced training

17. Conclusion There is a significant knowledge deficit with respect to intellectual property and its implementation in low- and middle-income countries Capacity building must engage local actors and aim not only on increasing knowledge, but leaving a sustainable network in place Capacity building can only occur if local communities want it and set the agenda Learning goes both ways

18. Richard Gold rgold@theinnovationpartnership.org richard.gold2@mcgill.ca