1. Acids, Bases, & Salts Chapter 20 Lesson 1

2. What is an ACID? pH less than 7 Neutralizes bases Forms H + ions in solution Corrosive-reacts with most metals to form hydrogen gas Good conductors of electricity

3. Acids Generate Ions HNO 3 + H 2 O  H 3 O + + NO 3

4. Weak vs. Strong Acids Weak Acids do not ionize completely: Acetic, Boric, Nitrous, Phosphoric, Sulfurous Strong Acids ionize completely: Hydrochloric, Nitric; Sulfuric, Hydriodic

5. Common Acids HCl- hydrochloric- stomach acid H 2 SO 4 - sulfuric acid - car batteries HNO 3 – nitric acid - explosives HC 2 H 3 O 2 - acetic acid - vinegar H 2 CO 3 -carbonic acid – sodas H 3 PO 4 - phosphoric acid -flavorings

6. What is a BASE? pH greater than 7 Feels slippery Dissolves fats and oils Usually forms OH - ions in solution Neutralizes acids

7. Weak vs. Strong Bases Weak Bases: ammonia; potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate Strong Bases: sodium hydroxide; sodium phosphate; barium hydroxide; calcium hydroxide

8. Common Bases NaOH- sodium hydroxide (LYE) soaps, drain cleaner Mg (OH) 2 - magnesium hydroxide-antacids Al(OH) 3 -aluminum hydroxide-antacids, deodorants NH 4 OH-ammonium hydroxide- “ammonia”

9. Types of Acids and Bases In the 1800’s chemical concepts were based on the reactions of aqueous solutions. Svante Arrhenius developed a concept of acids and bases relevant to reactions in H 2 O. Arrhenius acid – produces hydrogen ions in water. Arrhenius base – produce hydroxide ions in water.

10. A broader,more modern concept of acids and bases was developed later. Bronsted-Lowry acid- donates a hydrogen ion in a reaction. Bronsted – Lowry base – accepts a hydrogen in a reaction.

11. Conjugate acid- compound formed when an base gains a hydrogen ion. Conjugate base – compound formed when an acid loses a hydrogen ion.

12. 12 Br Ø nsted-Lowry Acids and Bases acids donate a proton (H + ). bases accept a proton (H + ).

13. 13 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs In the reaction of HF and H 2 O, one conjugate acid-base pair is HF/F −. the other conjugate acid-base pair is H 2 O/H 3 O +. each pair is related by a loss and gain of H +.

14. 14 Learning Check Write the conjugate base of the following. 1. HBr 2. H 2 S 3. H 2 CO 3

15. 15 Solution Remove H + to write the conjugate base. 1. HBrBr - 2. H 2 SHS - 3. H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 -

16. pH Scale

17. pH of Common Substances Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 335

18. Acid – Base Reactions A reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralization. An acid-base mixture is not as acidic or basic as the individual starting solutions.

19. Reactions with indicators IndicatorAcid color Neutral color Base color PhenolphthaleinColorlessFaint pinkDark pink Bromthymol blue YellowGreenBlue LitmusRed-----Blue

21. Kw of Water

22. Kw is the ion-product Kw is aka dissociation constant of water It has been found experimentally that at 25 °C, [H + ]=[OH-] and they both equal 1X10 -7 M Since Kw= [H + ][OH-] = [1X10 -7 M] 2 Then Kw = 1X 10 -14.

23. What does this mean? This means that any aqueous solution at 25 ° C, no matter what it (the water) contains, the product of [H+] and [OH-] MUST always equal 1.0 X 10 -14. There are 3 possibilities: A neutral solution where [H+]=[OH-]. An acid solution where [H+]>[OH-]. A basic solution where [H+]<[OH-].

24. In all 3 of the situations: Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 X 10 -14. So in any given aqueous situation, one may calculate the [H+] or [OH-] as required for any solution at 25°C. State if Acidic, Basic or Neutral. A. 1.0X10 -5 M OH- 1.0 X10 -9 M H+ B. 1.0X10 -7 M OH- 1.0 X10 -7 M H+ C. 1.0X10 -15 M OH- 10.0 M H+

25. Answers A. Basic B. Neutral C. Acid

26. How to Solve for the [ions] Kw = [H+][OH-] 1.0 X 10 -14 = [H+][OH-] [H+] = [OH-]/(1.0 X 10 -14 )

27. pH scale is an easy way to represent acidity. pH = -log[H+] At a neutral solution at 25 °C [H+] = [OH-] = (1.0 X 10 -14 ) ½ = 1.0 X 10 -7 What is the pH of this? pH = -log[H+] = -log(1.0 X 10 -7 ) Take out you calculator and what do you get? 7.00

28. Sig Figs in Log problems The number of sig figs in an original number equals the number of decimal places in the pH. Example: If sample is Kw= [H+] = 1.0 X 10 -7 How many sig fig? 2 This pH is … 7.00 2 decimal places for the two sig figs.

29. pH vs. pOH If pH is = -log [H+] Then pOH = -log [OH-] And pK = -log K Note that pH changes by 1 for every power of 10 in the change of concentration.

30. Examples Calculate the pH and pOH of each 1.0 X 10 -3 M OH- pOH = 3.00 pH = 11.00 H+ = Kw/[OH-] = (1.0 X 10 -14 )/(1.0 X 10 -3 ) = 1.0 x 10 -11 1.0 M H+ pH = 0.00 [OH-]=Kw/[H+]= 1.0x10 -14 /1 pOH = 14

31. Remember Kw =[H+][OH-] And therefore, -log K = -log [H+] + -log [OH-] log K = log[H+] + log[OH-] pKw = pH = pOH therefore pH + pOH = 14 At 25 °C pKw = 14.00 (1.0 X 10 -14 ) Thus pH = pOH = 14 at 25 °C

32. Example Problem If the [H + ] in a solution is 1.0 x 10 -5 M, is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral? What is the [OH - ] of this solution?