1. BLOOD PRESSURE
8/04/2013
SHMD 139

2. Blood Pressure
Pg 34
Blood pressure is the pressure the blood exerts on the artery walls
Blood pressure (BP) is the result of the heart contracting and forcing blood into the blood vessels
BP is necessary in order for blood to flow around the body

3. Blood Pressure Typical BP for the average person:
Pg 34
Typical BP for the average person:
120 Systolic: When the heart is contracting
80 Diastolic: When the heart is relaxing
BP unit of measurement:
milligrams of mercury (mmHg)

4. Calculating Blood Pressure
Pg 33
Cardiac Output: the amount of blood pumped from the heart every minute
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.
Heart Rate: the number of times the heart beats in 1 minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm)

5. Calculating Blood Pressure
Pg 34
Cardiac Output (litres per minute) = heart rate (bpm) x Stroke volume (litres)
Thus, Q = HR x SV
The average stroke volume is 70 – 90 millilitres (ml)
The fitter you are, the larger your SV is
At rest, your cardiac output (Q) is ± 5 litres per minute (L/m), while during exercise it can increase to as much as 30 L/m

6. Calculating Blood Pressure
Pg 34
Blood Pressure (mmHg) = Cardiac Output (litres per minute) x Resistance to flow (R)
Thus, BP = Q x R
Resistance to blood flow is caused by:
Size of the blood vessels. i.e. The smaller the blood vessel, the greater the resistance
Thickness of the blood. i.e. The thicker the blood, the greater the resistance.

7. Calculating Blood Pressure
If heart rate = 72 bpm
& stroke volume = 85ml
Cardiac output?
85ml ÷ 1000 = 0.085L
Thus,
Q = HR x SV
= 72 x 0.085
= 6.12 L/m
Round off = 6 L/m

8. Calculating Blood Pressure
If heart rate = 68 bpm Diastolic R = 14
& stroke volume = 80ml Systolic R = 22
Cardiac output? Blood Pressure?
80ml ÷ 1000 = 0.080L
Thus,
Q = HR x SV
= 68 x 0.08
= 5.44 L/m
Systolic BP = Q x R Diastolic BP = Q x R
= 5 x = 5 x 14
= 110 mmHg = 70 mmHg
Thus BP = mmHg 70

9. BLOOD PRESSURE & exercise
Pg 34
Exercise increases heart rate, which will result in an increased cardiac output, which will increase blood pressure
Q = HR x SV
BP = Q x R
If Q is increased, and R does not change, then BP will automatically increase
Exercise raises systolic BP, but there is usually only a slight change in diastolic BP

10. Hypertension
Pg 132
Is a repeatedly elevated blood pressure exceeding 140 over 90 mmHg, and means high pressure (tension) in the arteries.
If a person with high blood pressure does not reduce their BP, they are more at risk of suffering a stroke or heart attack .

11. The VALSALVA MANOEUVRE
Pg 35
Used by heavy weightlifters
Process of breathing against a closed glottis or against a closed mouth & nose
The valsalva maneouvre helps stabilise the shoulder girdle and torso while lifting heavy weights. This helps the lifter to move the weight more efficiently.

12. The VALSALVA MANOEUVRE
Pg 36
The valsalva maneouvre causes BP to increase, and reduces blood flow to the thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity: part of the body that is enclosed by the ribcage and the diaphragm, containing the heart and lungs
Therefore anyone suffering from hypertension or heart problems should avoid this move, as it could cause a stroke or heart attack.

13. measuring BLOOD PRESSURE
Pg 167
It is vital to measure BP before a client exercises, as it will tell you if they are at risk of having a heart attack.
BP is measured with a blood pressure meter and stethoscope.

14. measuring BLOOD PRESSURE
Pg 167
The client should be seated and relaxed for 5 minutes
Ask the client to rest their left arm on the arm of the chair. Their elbow should be at 45 degrees, with the palm of the hand facing up.
Find the brachial pulse – it should be on the inner side of the arm, just under the biceps muscle.
Place the cuff just clear of the elbow (about 2-3cm above the elbow). The bladder of the cuff (The part which inflates) should be directly over the pulse.
Place the earpieces of the stethoscope in your ears and place the microphone over the brachial pulse.

15. measuring BLOOD PRESSURE
Pg 167
Inflate the cuff up to 200mmHg.
Slowly open the valve by turning it anti-clockwise and release the pressure.
Listen out for the first time you hear the thud of the heart beat and make a mental note of it. This is the systolic blood pressure reading.
Keep deflating the cuff, and when the heart beat becomes muffled or disappears, this is your diastolic reading.
Keep deflating the cuff and, if necessary, repeat
after around 30 seconds.

16. Classification of blood pressure for adults
BLOOD PRESSURE norms
Classification of blood pressure for adults
Category
Systolic (mmHg)
Diastolic (mmHg)
Desirable
90 – 119
60 – 79
Prehypertension
120 – 139
80 – 89
Stage 1 Hypertension
140 – 159
90 – 99
Stage 2 Hypertension
160 – 179
Hypertensive Crises
≥180
≥ 110