2.  Britain  France  Austria-Hungary  Iraq  Syria  Jordan  The U.S.  Israel  Lebanon  Germany  Russia

3. 1 Now called Istanbul 2 Turks, Arabs, Kurds, Muslims, Christians, and Jews  Was ruled by Muslim sultans in Constantinople 1 since 1299  Spanned north east Europe, Africa, and the Middle East  Was divided into separate countries by Britain and France  Home to many religious groups 2

4.  Britain and France divided the Ottoman Empire › They drew the boundaries of Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon › While doing this, they paid little attention to religious differences  This carelessness caused World War I ninety years later  Europe pitted Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S. against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

5.  Made conflicting commitments during the war › Promised Arabs independence  Declared the Balfour Declaration › To support a “national home for the Jewish people” 4  Made a secret agreement with France to take chunks of land out of the Ottoman Territory between them 4 Palestine

6.  Won World War I in 1918, after piece talks in Versailles  Disagreed on the appearance of the postwar. › They argued on how to punish Germany, › And about what will happen to the Ottoman Empire 3 Britain, France, The U.S., and Russia

7.  1992 was the end of the peace conferences › Britain and France received “mandates” from the League of nations  Created states and figureheads in the Ottoman Territory between them

8.  In 1919, there were no Iraqi people; history, geography, and religion pulled them apart › The Shiite and Sunni groups split centuries earlier over who would succeed Muhammad 5  Britain created Iraq in Mesopotamia, › And made Ottoman provinces  Baghdad 6  Basra 7  Mosul 8 5 Islam’s former leader 6 Sunni 7 Shiite 8 Kurdish

9.  Kings and dictators ruled autocratically and kept Iraq together for more that eighty years  In 1921, the British installed Ferisal, son of the ruler of Mecca, 9 as king › In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown  In 1968, the Baath Party seized control and powered Suddam Hussein 10  Secretarial violence took Iraq to the brink of civil war 9 British ally during the war 10 Toppled by the U.S. in 2003

10.  Britain made a mandate including Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip › In 1921, Britain made Abdullah 11 king of Transjordan › In 1926, Jordan was declared independence › Abdullah was assassinated In 1951 11 Ferisal’s brother

11.  Made Jewish and Palestinian states out of land between the Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea in 1947 › Jewish leaders accepted this › Arab states, however, rejected and attacked Israel 12  This led to many individual wars 12 After the British left in May 1948

12.  In 1920, Syria was a protectorate of France › France safely guarded Christian enclaves, › And used Lebanon as Syria’s coastal region  Lebanon gained independence in 1943

13.  Was a district of Basra under the Ottomans › Which meant that it was overseen by Britain  It was granted independence in 1691 › Which meant that it was no longer overseen

14.  Fromkin, David. "HOW THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST MAP CAME TO BE DRAWN." Christian Action for Israel. Fall 1990. Web. 17 Mar. 2011..  Mayzel, Matitiahu. "How Did Israel Get Its Current Borders?" Middle East Facts - Israel and "Palestine" 13 May 2002. Web. 17 Mar. 2011..

15.  Roberts, Sam. "How the Middle East Got That Way." Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities | Scholastic.com. Web. 20 Feb. 2011..  Trueman, Chris. "The United Nations and the Middle East." History Learning Site. Winter 2010. Web. 17 Mar. 2011..