1. ELE 488 F06 ELE 488 Fall 2006 Image Processing and Transmission (11-28 -06) Digital Video Motion Pictures Broadcast Television Digital Video 11/28

2. ELE 488 F06 Motion Picture  Television  Digital Video Broadcast Television (analog) –why invent new technology? –movie at home, mass market –influence of movie on development Key Steps –convert pictures to electric signal –send electric signal –convert electric signal to picture Comparison with motion picture High Definition Television - analog  digital, compression Video telephone - analog predecessor Video conference - travel cost, people cost Cable (narrowcast), satellite, interactive,...

3. ELE 488 F06 NTSC ( National Television Systems Committee ) 525 lines –2 dots less than 1/2000 of distance from eye are not separated (merge into one) –Assume view at distance 4 times the screen height. No need to have more than 500 lines –NTSC set 525 lines (475 active) Movies in 1940 has 4:3 aspect ratio (width to height) 25 or more pictures per second to see continuous motion 50 or more pictures per second to avoid flicker –movies use 24 frames/sec, each shown twice 30 frames/sec with 2:1 interlace (60 even-odd fields/sec)

4. ELE 488 F06 Bandwidth of Broadcast Television Without interlace (progressive scan), 60 frames/sec –500 lines alternating black and white gives 250 full cycles –each horizontal line has 250 x 4/3 ~ 350 full cycles –60 (frames/sec) x 500 (line) x 350 = 10 MHz (video ONLY) With 2:1 interlace, 5 MHz for video FCC assigns 6 MHz per broadcast channel –real usable bandwidth is less, MUCH less –actual resolvable lines per vertical height ~250 Color insertion - must compatible with B/W receiver –Change R-G-B to Y-Cb-Cr –Y is luminance (brightness), Cb and Cr are chrominances –B/W sets converts Y to picture, color sets converts Y-Cb-Cr to R-G-B then display

5. ELE 488 F06 Digital Video What drives digital video? –Information technology: electronics, communication, storage, new functionality, … –HDTV R-G-B component video –640 x 480 (pixel) x 3 (color) x 8 (bits/color) x 30 = 221 Mb/sec Y-Cb-Cr with subsampled Cb and Cr –640 x 480 (pixel) x 1.5 (color) x 8 (bits/color) x 30 = 110 Mb/sec Compression - MPEG (motion picture expert group) –MPEG-1: CD-ROM, 1.5Mb/sec, 1.2Mb/sec for video, 352x240 (CIF), progressive scan, motion compensation –MPEG-2: extension of MPEG-1, interlace, HD –MPEG-4: object/region based –H.2xx

6. ELE 488 F06 Video Coding Video consists of frames I n (i,j) –Code each frame as a still picture – motion JPEG Each frame is close to the previous frame –Code the difference FD n (i,j) = I n (i,j) – I n-1 (i,j) –Differential coding (DPCM, predictive coding) ( I n-1 (i,j) is the predicted value of I n (i,j) ) –Need to code the first frame

7. ELE 488 F06 Encoding Three Frame Types Differential encoding of video I – Intra Frame, code by itself P – Prediction Frame, code by referring to previous I or P frame B – Bi-direction Frame, code by referring to forward AND backward I or P frames I B P P P P BBBBBB BBB I

8. ELE 488 F06 Coding of I-frame – same as still image

9. ELE 488 F06 I Frames I frames are Intra-coded using the JPEG coded I frames can be decoded without reference to other frames of the video. Sometimes called anchor frames I frame: JPEG Frame 31 A group of pictures (GOP) begins with an I-frame and ends before the next I-frame A typical GOP length is 15 frames With only 1 I-frame per GOP (the first frame)

10. ELE 488 F06 Coding P Frames Each frame is close to the previous frame –Code frame difference (differential coding – DPCM) Occlusion –parts of current frame is blocked in previous frame –need future frame to “predict” FD n (i,j) = I n (i,j) – I n+1 (i,j) current frame I n frame difference I n - I n-1

11. ELE 488 F06 Coding P Frames Each frame is close to the previous frame –Code frame difference (differential coding – DPCM) current frame I n frame difference I n - I n-1

12. ELE 488 F06 Coding of P Frames Video consists of frames I n (i,j) –Code each frame as a still picture – motion JPEG Each frame is close to the previous frame –Code the difference FD n (i,j) = I n (i,j) – I n-1 (i,j) –Differential coding (predictive coding) –I n-1 (i,j) is the predicted value of I n (i,j) Observe: –Most part of frame is unchanged –Except for moving objects –Motion Compensated Coding  MPEG

13. ELE 488 F06 Motion Compensated Video Coding Observe: Most of picture remains unchanged But some objects have moved. So code Displaced Frame Difference Motion Compensated Coding previous framecurrent frame

14. ELE 488 F06 Displaced Frame Difference

15. ELE 488 F06 Displaced Frame Difference

16. ELE 488 F06

17. P Frames I frame: JPEG P frame: motion compensated. macro-blocks and macro-block motion vectors are indicated Frame 31Frame 34 P frames are coded using two methods: - block motion compensation + error coding - jpeg (intra-coded), without referring to previous frames P frames are also anchor frames Divide P-frame into Macro-blocks MB ~16x16

18. ELE 488 F06 Finding Motion Vectors Matching a block from current frame with a displaced block in reference frame using: (a) sum of squared difference (SSD), or (b) sum of absolute difference (SAD) (almost always used) The displacement giving best match is the motion vector of the block Search methods: Global search over the entire anchor frame Restricted search over local neighborhood Fast search – over a selected neighborhood, anchor framecurrent frame

19. ELE 488 F06 Illustration: P-frame Macro-Blocks Frame 34 P-frame

20. ELE 488 F06 MPEG: I and P frames (anchor frames)

21. ELE 488 F06 Block Matching Motion Estimation current frame Block for which motion vector to be determined a position for comparison previous frame another position Blocks of size MxN

22. ELE 488 F06 Motion Compensated Encoding of P Frame current frame previous frame Y

23. ELE 488 F06 Coding of P frame reconstructed previous frame Encoder contains decoder

24. ELE 488 F06 More Detail

25. ELE 488 F06 Need for Bi-directional Encoding I B P P P P BBBBBB BBB I

26. ELE 488 F06 Bidirectional Encoding

27. ELE 488 F06 Frame Transmit Order vs Viewing Order View order Decode order = transmit order

28. ELE 488 F06 B-frames B-frames are coded in the same way as P-frames except that for each macro-block, search for the best matching block in both the preceding and succeeding anchor frames. Use the encoding that requires the fewest bits. Called bidirectional encoding.

29. ELE 488 F06 Block Matching Motion Estimation current frame Block for which motion vector to be determined a position for comparison previous frame another position Blocks of size MxN

30. ELE 488 F06 Complexity of Exhaustive Block-Matching Assumptions –Block size NxN and image size S=M1xM2 –Search step size is 1 pixel ~ “integer-pixel accuracy” –Search range +/–R pixels both horizontally and vertically Computation complexity –# Candidate matching blocks = (2R+1) 2 –# Operations for computing MAD for one block ~ O(N 2 ) –# Operations for MV estimation per block ~ O((2R+1) 2 N 2 ) –# Blocks = S / N 2 –Total # operations for entire frame ~ O((2R+1) 2 S) i.e., overall computation load is independent of block size! E.g., M=512, N=16, R=16, 30fps => On the order of 8.55 x 10 9 operations per second! –Was difficult for real time estimation, but possible with parallel hardware UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

31. ELE 488 F06 Exhaustive Search: Cons and Pros Pros –Guaranteed optimality within search range and motion model Cons –Motion vectors are integer valued –High computation complexity On the order of [search-range-size * image-size] for 1-pixel step size How to improve accuracy? –Half pixel – significantly improvement –Quarter pixel – some improvement –Requires interpolation How to improve speed? –Fast search –Try to exclude unlikely candidates UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

32. ELE 488 F06 Half pixel resolution in matching B ab c d p

33. ELE 488 F06 dx dy Fast Algorithm: 3-Step Search Search candidates at 9 positions Reduce step-size after each iteration –Start with step size approx. half of max. search range motion vector {dx, dy} = {1, 6} Total number of computations: 9 + 8  2 = 25 (3-step) (2R+1) 2 = 169 (full search) (Fig. from Ken Lam – HK Poly Univ. short course in summer’2001) UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

34. ELE 488 F06 Lowest resolution Lower resolution Original resolution Hierarchical Block Matching Problem with fast search at full resolution –Small mis-alignment may give large displacement error esp. for texture and edge blocks Hierarchical (multi-resolution) block matching –Match with coarse resolution to narrow down search range –Match with high resolution to refine motion estimation (From Wang’s Preprint Fig.6.19) UMCP ENEE408G Slides (created by M.Wu & R.Liu © 2002)

35. ELE 488 F06 Pixel Decimation IEEE Trans. on Video Technology, April 1993, pp. 148- 157. a block in current frame part of a block in reference frame

36. ELE 488 F06 Pixel Decimation

37. ELE 488 F06 Subsampled Motion Field

38. ELE 488 F06 Subsampled Motion Field

39. ELE 488 F06 What else can you do with MPEG video? The MPEG encoder-decoder is asymmetric. –Encoder is much more complex than the decoder. Determining motion vectors is a major task –Decoding is easy and fast. –The encoding only has to be done once, the decoding will be done many times or at many locations. Symmetric application? Compression loses information. But –compressed video has information not readily available in original video