1. Cadmium Lacey Brandt

2. Cadmium properties No reaction with water Malleable Ductile Transition metal Solid Silvery grey Oxidation state- +2, +1 Atomic weight- 112.4g/mol Density-8.65g/cm³

3. Freidrich Stromeyer German chemist 1817- Cd discovered- impure ZnCo3- color and heat 1850- Cadmium pigments- yellow, red 1899- NiCd rechargeable battery 1907- production in the united states 1900’s- corrosion-protection steel coating After 1945- wide spread use History and production

4. stabilizer- PVC alloys pesticides current use Ni-Cd batteries protective coatings pigments

5. Cadmium isotopes isotopeNatural abundance½ Life 106 Cd1.25%9.5×10 17 years 107 Cdsynthetic6.5 hours 108 Cd0.89%6.7×10 17 years 109 Cdsynthetic462.2 days 110 Cd12.49% stable 111 Cd12.8%stable 112 Cd24.13% stable 113 Cd12.22%7.7×10 15 years 113m Cdsynthetic14.1 years 114 Cd28.73%>9.3×10 17 years 115 Cdsynthetic53.46 hours 116 Cd7.49%2.9×10 19 years

6. CADMIUM SALTS- different solubility, toxic levels CdH₂ CdF₂ CdCl₂ CdBr₂ CdI₂ CdO CdS CdSe CdTe Cd₃N₂

7. CADMIUM ENTRY INTO ENVIRONMENT weathering erosion river runoff diatom deposition occurs naturally

8. Food consumption Respiration Filtration Cadmium enters and accumulates in many marine organisms

9. TOXICITY TO MARINE ANIMALS Salinity and Cd toxicity Inversely proportional Cl binds with Cd Free Cd toxic

10. Toxicity CategoryLC 50 (ug/L) Very highly toxic<100 Highly toxic100-1,000 Moderately toxic1,000-10,000 Slightly toxic10,000-100,000 Not acutely toxic>100,000 Summary of Acute Toxicity for Organism Group Organism group Average Acute Toxicity AmphibiansVery Highly Toxic AnnelidsSlightly Toxic CrustaceansModerately Toxic FishModerately Toxic InsectsSlightly Toxic Marine benthic community Highly Toxic MolluscsModerately Toxic Nematodes/ Flatworms Slightly Toxic PhytoplanktonNot Acutely Toxic ZooplanktonHighly Toxic

11. All Toxic Effects for Organism Group Organism GroupEffects Noted AmphibiansAccumulation, Biochemistry, Mortality AnnelidaAccumulation, Biochemistry, Genetics, Growth, Mortality, Reproduction AquaticPlants Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Growth, Physiology, Population, Reproduction Crustaceans Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Histology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction EchinodermsAccumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Genetics, Reproduction Fish Accumulation, Avoidance, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Histology, Hormone(s), Immunological, Injury, Intoxication, Morphology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction Insects Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Feeding Behavior, Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction MarineBenthicComm unity Mortality Molluscs Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Histology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction NematodesandFlatw orms Accumulation, Histology, Mortality Phytoplankton Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Ecosystem Process, Enzyme(s), Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population Zooplankton Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Intoxication, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction

12. Trophic transfer [Cd ]of the water is not indication of food safety Fish growth affected

13. Penaeid shrimp Penaeu japonicus Increased tolerance with development nauplii 48h LC50=124ug/L Zoea 96 LC50=10-30ug/L Post-larvae 96 LC50= 200-3500ug/L Juvenile 96LC50=5500ug/L Decreased osmoregulation

14. Chronic protracted toxicity test Mysidopsis bahia 17 day life cycle test 10.6 ug/L @ 20 ⁰/₀₀ Δ Breeding cycle Δ # of young released Sensitive crustacean LC50 ~ 15

15. Eastern oyster- Crassostrea virginica Physiological effects intracellular localization Gills- mitochondria-> Respiration-> metabolism Hepatopancreas- lysosomes -> lysosome damage

16. A DEEPER LOOK….. Mutagenic - DNA Clastogenic- chromosomes Carcinogenic-cancer Teratogenic-birth defects

17. Cd Break DNA directly Break DNA indirectly Oxidative stress- free radicals Inhibits glutathione ROS scavenger Response= DNA breakage/ recovery Cd impairs DNA repair- compete with zinc GENOTOXICITY

18. MECHANISMS OF DETOXIFICATION Metallothioneins (MT) low mw proteins cytosol saturation- bind to critical sites Sequestering - Vesicles- lysosomes, other structures Saturation-> lysosome damage FOUNDRY COVE/ SOUTH COVE STUDY oligochaete Limnodrilus sp. Used both mechanisms MTs transfer to lysosomes

19. Bambang, Y., Charmantier, G., Thuet, P., and Trilles, J.P. (September 1995). Effects of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation on various developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (crustacea: Decapoda). Marine Biology, 123 (3), 443-450. Binary compounds. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/comp.html Cadmium. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.cadmium.org Engel, D.W., Fowler, B.A. (February 1979). Factors influencing Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity to marine organisms. Environmental health perspectives, 28, 81-88 Mechanisms of Metal Detoxification. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.8.detoxification.html Nimmo, D.R., Rigby, R.A., Sheppard, J.M. (January 1978). The acute and chronic effects of cadmium on the estuarine mysid. Mysidopsis bahia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19(1) 80-85. Pan Pesticides database. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33703#Ecotoxicology Pruski, A.M., Dixon, D.R. (2002). Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 127-137. Risso-de Faverney, C., Devaux, A., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P., Bailly, B., and Rahmani, R.(2001) Cadmium induces apoptosis and genotoxicity in rainbow trout hepatocytes through generation of reactive oxygen species. Aquatic Toxicology, 53, 65-76. Ruangsomboon, S., Wongrat, L. (June 2006). Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain involving phytoplankton(Chlorella vulgaris), zooplankton (Moina macrocopa), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus. Aquatic Toxicology, 78 (1), 15-20. Sokolova, I.M., Ringwood, A.H., and Johnson, C. (September 2005). Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 74 (3), 218-228. Wikipedia. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org