1. Chapter 6, Slide 1Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Chapter 6 Sub Procedures And Functions

2. Chapter 6, Slide 2Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Chapter 6 Introduction A procedure is a collection of statements that performs a task.

3. Chapter 6, Slide 3Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Chapter 6 Topics A Sub procedure is a collection of statements that performs a task An abbreviation of the older term subroutine Event procedures are Sub procedures A Function procedure is a collection of statements that performs a task and returns a value to the VB statement that executed it Function procedures work like intrinsic functions, such as Val and IsNumeric A method is a procedure declared in a class

4. Chapter 6, Slide 4Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Section 6.1 Sub Procedures You Can Write Your Own General Purpose Sub Procedures That Perform Specific Tasks General Purpose Sub Procedures Are Not Triggered by Events but Called From Statements in Other Procedures

5. Chapter 6, Slide 5Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Sub Procedure Uses May handle events such as a click event Also used to simplify a program by Breaking it into small, manageable pieces or Performing a task that is needed repeatedly Sub procedures help to modularize code Divides a program into a set of logical tasks

6. Chapter 6, Slide 6Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Sample Sub Procedure, Tutorial 6-1 Sub DisplayMessage() 'A Sub procedure that displays a message. lstOutput.Items.Add("") lstOutput.Items.Add("Hello from DisplayMessage.") lstOutput.Items.Add("") End Sub Private Sub btnGo_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnGo.Click ' This procedure calls the DisplayMessage procedure. lstOutput.Items.Add("Hello from btnGo_Click procedure.") lstOutput.Items.Add("Calling the DisplayMessage " & _ "procedure.") DisplayMessage() lstOutput.Items.Add("Now I am back in the btnGo_Click procedure.") End Sub Calls DisplayMessage procedure Returns to btnGo_Click

7. Chapter 6, Slide 7Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Declaring a Sub Procedure AccessSpecifier is optional and establishes accessibility to the program Sub and End are keywords ProcedureName used to refer to procedure Use Pascal casing, capitalize 1 st character of the name and each new word in the name ParameterList is a list of variables or values being passed to the sub procedure [AccessSpecifier] Sub ProcedureName ([ParameterList]) [Statement(s)] End Sub

8. Chapter 6, Slide 8Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition More on Access Specifier Private allows use only from that form or class Public allows use from other forms or classes If not specified, default is Public Additional access specifiers: Protected Friend Protected Friend These will be discussed in later chapters Access specifiers wont be used for now Practice writing procedures in Tutorial 6-2

9. Chapter 6, Slide 9Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Procedures and Static Variables Variables needed only in a Sub procedure, should be declared within the Sub procedure Creates a local variable with scope only within the sub procedure where declared Local variable values are not saved from one sub procedure call to the next To save value between procedure calls, use Static keyword to create a static local variable Static VariableName As DataType Scope is only within the procedure But variable exists for lifetime of procedure

10. Chapter 6, Slide 10Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Section 6.2 Passing Arguments to a Sub Procedure When calling a procedure, you can pass it values known as arguments

11. Chapter 6, Slide 11Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Arguments Argument – a value passed to a procedure Weve already done this with functions Value = CInt(txtInput.Text) Calls CInt function and passes txtInput.Text A Sub must be declared so it accepts an argument

12. Chapter 6, Slide 12Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Passing Arguments By Value Number declared as an integer argument Storage location number created A value, 5 in this case, must be supplied and is copied into the storage location for number DisplayValue then executes Tutorial 6-3 demonstrates passing arguments DisplayValue(5)calls DisplayValue procedure Sub DisplayValue(ByVal number As Integer) ' This procedure displays a value in a message box. MessageBox.Show(number.ToString) End Sub

13. Chapter 6, Slide 13Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Passing Multiple Arguments Multiple arguments separated by commas Value of first argument is copied to first Second to second, etc. ShowSum(5, 10)calls ShowSum procedure Sub ShowSum(ByVal num1 As Integer, ByVal num2 As Integer) ' This procedure accepts two arguments, and prints ' their sum on the form. Dim sum As Integer sum = num1 + num2 MessageBox.Show("The sum is " & sum.ToString) End Sub

14. Chapter 6, Slide 14Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Passing Arguments ByVal or ByRef Arguments are usually passed ByVal New storage location created for procedure Storage location gets a copy of the value Any changes in value are made to the copy Calling procedure wont see the changes Arguments can also be passed ByRef Procedure points to (references) arguments original storage location Any changes are made to the original value Calling procedure sees the changes Tutorial 6-4 demonstrates this difference

15. Chapter 6, Slide 15Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Section 6.3 Function Procedures A Function Procedure Returns a Value to the Part of the Program That Called the Function Procedure

16. Chapter 6, Slide 16Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Declaring a Function Procedure New keyword Function Also new is As DataType which states the data type of the value to be returned Return value is specified in a Return expression [AccessSpecifier] Function FunctionName ([ParameterList]) _ As DataType [Statements] End Function

17. Chapter 6, Slide 17Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Function Call Example total = Sum(value1, value2) Function Sum(ByVal num1 As Single, ByVal num2 As Single) _ As Single Dim result As Single result = num1 + num2 Return result End Function value1 and value2 must be data type Single Total must be declared as data type Single Tutorial 6-5 demonstrates function use

18. Chapter 6, Slide 18Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Returning Nonnumeric Values Function IsValid(num As Integer) As Boolean Dim status As Boolean If num >= 0 And num <= 100 Then status = True Else status = False End If Return status End Function Function FullName(ByVal first As String, ByVal last As String)_ As String Dim name As String name = last & ", " & first Return name End Function

19. Chapter 6, Slide 19Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Section 6.4 More About Debugging Step Into Step Over Step Out

20. Chapter 6, Slide 20Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Debugging Involving Procedures Step Into - continue to debug by single- stepping through a procedure Step Over - run procedure without single- stepping, continue single-step after the call Step Out - end single-stepping in procedure, continue single-step after the call Tutorial 6-6 provides examples

21. Chapter 6, Slide 21Starting Out with Visual Basic 3 rd Edition Section 6.5 Building the Bagel and Coffee Price Calculator Application Use Sub procedures and functions to calculate the total of a customer order.