1. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 “Basic Research Needs for “Basic Research Needs forSuperconductivity” BESAC Meeting August 3, 2006 John Sarrao LANL Wai Kwok Argonne

2. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 World & Domestic Energy Demand is Increasing Rapidly World Energy Demand +73% by 2030 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100,000 120,000 195019601970198019902000 Total Energy Consumption Electricity Consumption Year Source: EIA US Energy Consumption (Trillion BTUs) US electric demand will double by 2050 A grand challenge for production, delivery, and use

3. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 The electric grid, an essential energy backbone, is under stress capacity 50% growth by 2030 Urban power bottleneck reliability Blackouts Cascades quality efficiency / environment 7-10% of power is lost in the grid 40 1GW power plants 230 Mmt of CO 2 Lower Manhattan infrastructure (Courtesy of Con Edison)

4. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 superconductivity coal gas heat mechanical motion electricity hydro wind fuel cells solar motors lighting. heating refrigeration information technology power grid transportation industry nuclear fission production delivery use Superconductors: Poised for a Major Role in Energy Delivery Increased capacity Enhanced reliability Smart distribution High power density 1/2 size 1/2 weight 1/2 losses

5. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 ~100 researchers, representing 7 countries, 9 national labs and 28 universities Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Panel Chairs: Materials:I. Bozovic (BNL) Phenomena:J.C. Davis (Cornell) L. Civale (LANL) Theory:I. Mazin (NRL) Applications:D. Christen (ORNL) Workshop Co-chair: John Sarrao, LANL Co-chair: Wai-Kwong Kwok, ANL Plenary Speakers : Paul Chu, Alex Malozemoff, George Crabtree, Mike Norman, ZX Shen Workshop Charge “identify basic research needs and opportunities in superconductivity with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and energy relevant technologies” Pat Dehmer, DOE-Basic Energy Sciences Jim Daley, DOE-Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability

6. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Superconductors can transform the power grid to deliver abundant, reliable, high-quality power for the 21st century current statefuture needs Performance 10x increase in J c  10x reduction in ac loss Cost 10-100x improvement needed Materials Increase operating temperature 2x-5x

7. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 MATERIALS Directed Search and Discovery of New Superconductors Control Structure and Properties of Superconductors Down to the Atomic Scale Maximize Current-carrying Ability of Superconductors with Scalable Fabrication Techniques Understand and Exploit Competing Electronic Phases MECHANISMS Develop a Comprehensive and Predictive Theory of Superconductivity and Superconductors Identify the Essential Interactions that Give Rise to High Tc Superconductivity Advance the Science of Vortex Matter CROSS-CUTTING New Tools to Integrate Synthesis, Characterization, and Theory Enabling Materials for Superconductor Utilization To address these challenges, workshop participants identified 7 Priority Research Directions and 2 CCRDs

8. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Materials: From discovery to design Bednorz and Mueller (‘86) Fermi surface of Li at high P T c ~ 20K Atomic-scale materials by design

9. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Mechanism: Unravel the mysteries of superconductivity Competing interactions and collective phenomena in electronic and vortex matter Temperature (K) Magnetic Field (T) H lcp H ucp disordered solid pancake liquid line liquid H c2 90 80706050 5 10 15 20 Bose glass Vortex Lattice Mapping the genome of high Tc

10. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 High Temperature Superconductors Max T c 135K Factor of 2 increase in critical current J c translates directly to a 2x reduction in cost Enables new ancillary devices for electric power stabilization Cross-cutting: Transform performance

11. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Performance: Beyond cuprates

12. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Superconductivity Research Continuum Technology Maturation & Deployment Applied Research  Cost reduction  Scale-up research  Prototyping  Manufacturing R&D  Deployment support Discovery Research Use-inspired Basic Research Office of Science BES Technology Offices EDER  Technology Milestones:  2G coated conductor carrying 300 A x 100 m (2006)  In-field performance for 50 K operating temperature  electric power equipment with ½ the energy losses and ½ the size  wire with 100x power capacity of same size copper wires at $10/kiloamp-meter.  Assembly and utilization R&D issues  Materials compatibility & joining issues  Room-temperature superconductor (Grand Challenge)  Superconductors by design (Grand Challenge)  Atomic scale control of materials structure and properties  Tuning competing interactions for new phenomena  Unravel interaction functions generating high temperature superconductivity  Predictive understanding of strongly correlated superconductivity  Microscopic theory of vortex matter dynamics  Nano-meso-scale superconductivity  100K isotropic SC (Grand Challenge)  Achieve theoretical limits of critical current (Grand Challenge)  3-d quantitative determination of defects and interfaces  Intrinsic and intentional inhomogeneity  “Pinscape engineering” and modeling of effective pinning centers  Next Generation SC wires

13. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Grand Challenges of Superconductivity Discover the mechanisms of high-temperature superconductivity Achieve a paradigm shift from materials by serendipity to materials by design Predict and control the electromagnetic behavior of superconductors from their microscopic vortex and pinning behavior Transform the power grid to deliver abundant, reliable, high- quality power for the 21st century

14. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Broader Impact – Driving Materials Frontiers 50 th Anniversary of BCS Theory (1957) 20 th Anniversary of High Tc Cuprates (1986) 5 th Anniversary of MgB 2 (2001) New fields of complex materials: - Manganites, Cobaltates,... interacting spin, charge, orbital, structural degrees of freedom -> emergent behavior - colossal magnetoresistance, nanoscale phases Quantum correlation techniques for other fields of science: Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluids, nuclear matter Complex and collective phenomena: Non-linear systems, domain dynamics

15. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Nature 424 (2003)912 High Magnetic Field High Tc Superconductivity The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 Nature 412(2001)510 ARPES Nature375(1995)561 Neutron Science 300(2003)1410 Optical Nature 415(2002)412 STM Nature 406(2000)486 Transport Nature 365(1993)323 High Pressure Science 288(2000)1811 X-Ray Scattering Broader Impact – New Tools

16. Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Summary Electricity is the nation’s most effective energy carrier Clean, versatile, domestic Power grid cannot meet future energy challenges Capacity, reliability, quality, efficiency Superconductivity can transform the power grid to meet the 21st century Basic-applied research to enable commercialization of present generation superconducting technology High risk-high payoff discovery research for next-generation superconducting grid technology New superconducting materials for higher temperatures and currents Mechanisms of high transition temperatures and current flows Superconductivity an essential driver for materials discovery, insights into collective phenomena, and new tools/methods