1. Cell Reproduction

2. Chromosomes: made of DNA

3. DNA: stores all genetic information -genes: a hereditary unit of DNA -4 bases: -Adenine -Thymine -Guanine -cytosine

4. DNA in the Cell 1.Chromosome 2.Supercoil 3.Subcoil 4.One coil 5.DNA with histine protein 6.DNA

5. Chromosome Anatomy

6. Chromosome Types 1.Sex Chromosomes: determines the sex of an organism -XY: male -XX: female 2.Autosomes: All other chromosomes of an organism

7. Chromosome Duplication

8. Homologous Chromosomes: two copies of each autosome – same size, shape, and genes

9. Karyotype: photomicrograph of chromosomes Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

10. Diploid Cells (2n): cells with both sets of chromosomes (both homologous pairs) 46 chromosomes/23 pairs in humans

11. Haploid cells (1n): cells with one set of chromosomes

12. “C” words of Cytology 1. Chromosome: condensed genetic material 2.Chromatid: one of two identical copies of DNA 3.Centromere: region that joins the chromatids

13. “C” words of Cytology 4.Centrioles: cylindrical structures that assist in cell division 5.Centrosome: dark regions in the cytoplasm that create spindle fibers

14. Cell Division: all cells come from pre- existing cells

15. 2 Types of Division

16. 1. Mitosis: cell division which produces 2 diploid, identical cells

17. 2. Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells

18. Cell Life Cycle 1.Interphase: G1, S, and G2 G = growth S = Synthesis 2.M phase: mitosis – nuclear division 3.Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division

19. Interphase 1. Interphase: DNA not visible -nucleus still intact

20. Phases of Mitosis 2.Prophase: chromosomes become visible -nucleus disintegrates

21. Phases of Mitosis 3.Metaphase: chromosomes connect at the centromere to spindle fibers -line up at the equatorial plate

22. Phases of Mitosis 4.Anaphase: spindle fibers recede -pull chromosomes apart -chromosomes retreat to opposite ends

23. Phases of Mitosis 5.Telophase: nucleus reforms Cytokinesis splitting the cell -2 daughter cells are formed

28. Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells

29. Haploid: a cell with half the number of chromosomes (1n)

30. Fertilization: the fusion of two gametes (sperm/eggs)

31. Review terms:

32. Karyotype

33. Homologous Chromosomes: identical chromosomes – one from each parent

34. Chromatid: one of two identical copies of the same DNA

35. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis -Produces two offspring cells of 2n -One cell division cycle -produces body cells -no chromosomes cross over Meiosis -produces four offspring cells of 1n -two cell division cycles (meiosis I & 2) -produces gametes -chromosomes cross over

36. 8 Stages of Meiosis Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I Meiosis II

37. Prophase I -Chromatids form -Homologous chromatids pair up to form tetrads

38. Metaphase I -tetrads line up at equatorial plate -Crossing over: breaking off of arms of chromatids and switching places on another homologous chromosome

40. Anaphase I -tetrads are pulled apart

41. Telophase I -cytokinesis occurs

42. Prophase II

43. Metphase II

44. Anaphase II

45. Telophase II

46. Spermatogenesis: meiosis that produces sperm Produces 4 fertile cells; in humans @ 400 billion

47. Oogenesis: meiosis that produces egg cells Produces 1 fertile cell; about 400 in a lifetime

48. Types of Reproduction 1.Sexual reproduction: offspring are the result of combination of parental genetics 2.Asexual reproduction: no exchange of genetic information – genetically identical to parent

49. Nature protects the female

51. Cellular Disorders

52. Cancer: a mitotic disorder

53. Characteristics: 1.Abnormal rates of cell division; uncontrolled 2.Produces malfunctioning cells 3.Kills the organism 4.Lack Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)

54. Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI) Ability of a cell to “sense” space – ability to stop growth in a restricted space

55. Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI) Lack of DDI – cells continue to divide – causes tumors

56. Types of Tumors 1.Benign: cancer cells remain at the original site 2.Malignant: cancer cells become aggressive and spread throughout the body

57. Metastasis: movement of cancer through the blood/lymph to other organs

59. Causes: carcinogens and contributing factors

60. -smoking

61. -radiation

62. -virus (HPV)

63. -genetic makeup

64. Treatments

65. -surgical removal

66. -radiation treatment

67. -chemotherapy: taxol, vincristine, vinblastine

68. Cellular Differentiation -begins following fertilization -process by which generic cells gain specific functions -mitosis process

69. Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell Stem Cells Skin Cells Neuron (nerves) Bone Cell Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle