2. Please Pick up Syllabus on Front Table

3. Elementary Physics II Physics 104

4. Administration Name – Peter Pella Office – Masters 107 E-mail – pellap@gettysburg.edu Phone –Office x 6025 –Home – 642-6364

5. Course Material Waves and SHM Electricity (and Magnetism) Optics Atom/Nuclear Physics History See Syllabus

6. Physics 104 Course Schedule – Sections A and B M 1/20: Syllabus and IntroductionM 3/17: CH 17: Electric Potential Energy (4-5) W 1/22: CH 11: Simple Harmonic Motion (1-4)W 3/19: CH 17: Capacitors (7-8) - Lab 4: Physical Optics Lab Group A F 1/24:CH 11: Waves (7-12)F 3/21: CH 18: Ohm’s Law (1-3) - (HW 6) M 1/27: CH 11: Resonance (13) - (HW 1)M 3/24: Exam III: Chapters 16-17 W 1/29: CH 12: Sound (1-2) - Lab 1: Hooke’s Law Lab Group AW 3/26: CH 18: Power (4-5) - Lab 4: Physical Optics Lab Group B F 1/31: CH 12: Resonance (4-6)F 3/28: CH 18: Household Circuits (6-10) M 2/3: CH 12: Doppler Effect (7) - (HW 2)M 3/31: CH 19: Circuits (1-2)) W 2/5: Exam I: Chapters 11-12 - Lab 1: Hooke’s Law Lab Group B W 4/2 – CH 19: Kirchhoff’s Rules (3) - (HW 7) Lab 5: Ohm’s Law Lab Group A F 2/7: CH 22: Light (3-4)F 4/4: CH 19: Meters (5-8) M 2/10: CH 23: Ray Optics (1-2, 4-6)M 4/7: CH 20: Magnetism (1-2,9) W 2/12: CH 23: Mirrors (3) - Lab 2: Waves on a String Week Lab Group A W 4/9: CH 21: EMF (1-2,5,7) - (HW 8) - Lab 5: Ohm’s Law Lab Group B F 2/14: CH 23: Lenses I (7-8)F 4/11: Exam IV: Chapters 18-21 M 2/17: CH 23: Lenses II (9-10) - (HW 3)M 4/14: CH 27: Early Quantum (1-3) W 2/19: CH 24: Interference (1-4) - Lab 2: Waves on a String Week Lab Group B W 4/16 CH 27: Bohr Model of the Atom (10-12) - Lab 6: Parallel Circuits Lab Group A F 2/21: CH 24: Diffraction (5-7)F 4/18: : CH 27: Bohr Model II - (HW 9) M 2/24: CH 24: Polarization (10) - (HW 4)M 4/21: CH 30: The Nucleus (1-2) TOPIC DUE W 2/26: Exam II: Chapters 22-24 - Lab 3: Optics/ Image Formation Lab Group A W 4/23: CH 30: Radioactive Decay I (3-6) - Lab 6: Parallel Circuits Lab Group B F 2/28: CH 16: Electric Charge (1-5)F 4/25: CH 30: Radioactive Decay II (8-11) - (HW 10) M 3/3: CH 16: Electric Fields (7-9)M 4/28: CH 31: Nuclear Fission (2) W 3/5: CH 16: Problem Solving (6) - Lab 3: Optics/ Image Formation Lab Group B W 4/30: CH 31: Nuclear Fusion (3) F 3/7: CH 17: Electric Potential (1-3) - (HW 5)F 5/2: Lecture: Reactors and Bombs - (HW 11) PAPER IS DUE 3/10 - 3/14 Spring Break – HAVE FUN! T 5/6 Final Exam SECTION A & B 6:30 pm – 9:30 pm

7. Course Requirements Homework (10%) In-Class Exams (40%) Paper (10%) Final Exam (20%) Lab (20%) See Syllabus for Dates!!

8. Physical Tools Lab Book Calculator Green or purple pen Stapler would be nice

9. Mental Tools Strong working knowledge of algebra Basic trigonometry Problem solving skills from Physics 103 Other Physics 103 stuff –vectors, –kinematic equations of motion, –conservation of energy, –work

10. Class Time Lectures and demonstrations - to clarify concepts and problem solving methods. You are expected to read the text before coming to class. Conceptual problems – clickers - qualitative understanding. Lectures on ‘Moodle’

11. Paper 3-5 Pages Topic by April 21 st Well written, well documented), factually correct, and contain no grammatical or spelling errors The honor code will be strictly enforced.

12. Homework No late homework Self Grading on some problems (green/purple pen) Paper must have signed HONOR PLEDGE and w/whom you worked See Syllabus for details

14. Home Work Grading 10 point scale Complete - 3 Clear* - 2 Plausible - 1 Initially OK - 1 Correct* - 3 You will be allowed to submit corrections (in green or purple ink only) to me on the following class (3 problems per assignment) See Syllabus

15. More Homework 960 possible points Graded out of 930 Extra Credit 20 points/ physics lecture or: Another 3-5 page paper (60 points) Can’t get higher than 100%

16. Exams 4 in-class exams - weighted equally Cumulative final. Each exam –multiple-choice or other conceptual questions and –quantitative problem –Essay?

17. Laboratory 6 labs – (Syllabus/Laboratory Intro) Must Complete all to pass the course. Meets every other week Everyone shows up for the first lab You’re responsible to schedule make-up lab (Syllabus) See Lab Intro on switching sections

18. LABS 1) Hooke’s Law1/30&2/6 2) Waves on a String2/13&2/20 3) Ray Optics/Image Formation2/27&3/6 4) Physical Optics3/20&3/27 5) Ohm’s Law4/3&4/10 6) Parallel Circuits4/17&4/24

19. What to Bring to Lab A quadrille-lined, non-spiral notebook (National model 43-475 in the College Store) A Calculator Your Text

20. Procedures Everything written in Lab book in ink Just draw a line through material if you think it is wrong. Sign Honor Pledge at the end of the Lab Instructors will give more details

21. Fine Print Finally, we strive to present clear expectations and to have consistency in grading across the many sections of physics lab, but systematic differences in grading do occur. To mitigate this please know that we carefully consider the mean and standard deviation of the grades in all lab sections before assigning final lab scores to the course. Although it’s rare, if deemed necessary laboratory grades may be curved at the end of the semester to equalize lab grade averages.

22. Honor Code Honor Code strictly enforced (Honor Code Booklet). … all work handed in must be your own calculations and must include the full Honor Code Pledge and your signature AFTER the work is completed. Homework - discuss with anyone how a particular problem might be solved - when write up your solution calculations are your own (list who you worked with on the assignment). Efforts will not be graded w/o the signed Pledge “I affirm that I have upheld the highest principles of honesty and integrity in my academic work and have not witnessed a violation of the Honor Code.”

23. Chapter 11 Vibrations and Waves

24. 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion If an object vibrates or oscillates back and forth over the same path, each cycle taking the same amount of time, the motion is called periodic. The mass and spring system is a useful model for a periodic system. g

25. 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion The force exerted by the spring depends on the displacement: (11-1)

26. 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion - Vertical

27. 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion Displacement is measured from the equilibrium point Amplitude is the maximum displacement (A) A cycle is a full to-and-fro motion Period is the time required to complete one cycle (T) Frequency is the number of cycles completed per second (f)

28. Simple Harmonic Motion

30. 11-2 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator We already know that the potential energy of a spring is given by: The total mechanical energy is then: (11-3) The total mechanical energy will be conserved, as we are assuming the system is frictionless.

33. Anywhere in between maxima Points

34. Converts PE to KE

35. mgh ½ mv 2 ½ k s Y 2 = =

36. H:\PH 104\trampoline-bear.wmv

37. 11-2 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator The total energy is And we can write: (11-4c) This can be solved for the velocity as a function of position: (11-5) where

38. 11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM (11-7a) (11-7b)

39. 11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM We can similarly find the position as a function of time: (11-8c) (11-8b) (11-8a)

40. 11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM (11-9) (11-10)

41. 11-4 The Simple Pendulum A simple pendulum consists of a mass at the end of a lightweight cord. We assume that the cord does not stretch, and that its mass is negligible.

42. 11-4 The Simple Pendulum In order to be in SHM, the restoring force must be proportional to the negative of the displacement. which is proportional to sin θ and not to θ itself.

43. However, if the angle is small, sin θ ≈ θ.

44. 11-4 The Simple Pendulum Therefore, for small angles, we have: where The period and frequency are: (11-11a) (11-11b)

45. Waves(Mechanical)

46. Wave Motion All types of traveling waves transport energy And start with a disturbance.

47. Harmonic disturbance

48. Wave Motion A wave travels along its medium, but the individual particles just move up and down.

49. Harmonic Disturbance

52. Observe Motion at One Place Amplitude, A Period, T (s) Frequency= 1/T (cycles per second or Hertz)

53. Wave Motion- Snap Shot at One Time t Amplitude, A Wavelength, λ(m)

54. 11-7 Wave Motion Wave characteristics: Amplitude, A Wavelength, λ Frequency f and period T Wave velocity (11-12)

55. Superpostion

56. In Phase Out of Phase In Between Superposition

57. Reflection and Transmission of Waves A wave reaching the end of its medium, but where the medium is still free to move, will be reflected (b), and its reflection will be upright. A wave hitting an obstacle will be reflected (a), and its reflection will be inverted.

60. Waves on a String

62. 11-11 Reflection and Transmission of Waves Two- or three-dimensional waves can be represented by wave fronts, which are curves of surfaces where all the waves have the same phase. Lines perpendicular to the wave fronts are called rays; they point in the direction of propagation of the wave.

63. Figure 11-41 Refraction of waves passing a boundary.

64. Water waves refract approaching the shore

65. Soldier analogy to derive law of refraction for waves.

66. Chapter 12 Sound

67. Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal

68. Sound Wave UC Irvine Physics of Music Plane Wave Applet Demonstrations UC Irvine Physics of Music Plane Wave Applet Demonstrations

70. 11-9 Energy Transported by Waves Just as with the oscillation that starts it, the energy transported by a wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude. Definition of intensity: The intensity is also proportional to the square of the amplitude: (11-15)

71. 11-9 Energy Transported by Waves If a wave is able to spread out three- dimensionally from its source, and the medium is uniform, the wave is spherical. Just from geometrical considerations, as long as the power output is constant, we see: (11-16b)

72. 12-1 Characteristics of Sound Sound can travel through any kind of matter, but not through a vacuum. The speed of sound depends on material; slowest in gases, faster in liquids, and fastest in solids. The speed depends somewhat on temperature, especially for gases.

73. 12-1 Characteristics of Sound Loudness: → intensity of the sound wave Pitch: → frequency. Audible range: about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; upper limit decreases with age Ultrasound: above 20,000 Hz; see ultrasonic camera focusing below Infrasound: below 20 Hz

74. 12-2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels The intensity of a wave is the energy transported per unit time across a unit area. The human ear can detect sounds with an intensity as low as 10 -12 W/m 2 and as high as 1 W/m 2. Perceived loudness, however, is not proportional to the intensity.

75. 12-2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels The loudness of a sound is much more closely related to the logarithm of the intensity. Sound level is measured in decibels (dB) and is defined: (12-1) I 0 is taken to be the threshold of hearing:

76. 12-3 The Ear and its Response; Loudness

77. Outer ear: sound waves travel down the ear canal to the eardrum, which vibrates in response Middle ear: hammer, anvil, and stirrup transfer vibrations to inner ear Inner ear: cochlea transforms vibrational energy to electrical energy and sends signals to the brain

78. 12-3 The Ear and its Response; Loudness The ear’s sensitivity varies with frequency. These curves translate the intensity into sound level at different frequencies.

79. In Phase Out of PhaseIn Between Superposition

80. Guitar String

83. Superposition Once Again

84. sound

89. Beats f 1 = 50 Hz, f 2 = 60 Hz f (beat) = f 2 - f 1 = 10 Hz

91. Loud Quiet http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/Inter.html

92. http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/Fourier/Fourier.html

93. Doppler Effect Moving Source Affects Wavelength Motion Toward means Wavelength smaller and Frequency higher Motion Away means Wavelength larger and Frequency smaller http://www.colorado.edu/physic s/2000/applets/doppler2.html

95. Motion of Observer affects velocity Motion toward means higher velocity, wavelength the same, so Higher frequency Motion away means lower velocity, so Lower frequency

97. Both Source and Observer Moving

98. Reflection Object emits Same frequency As it Receives

99. Sonic Boom Applet: Doppler Effect

101. Bow Wave

102. Cerenkov Radiation

103. 11-8 Water Waves

104. Seismic Waves

105. P and S Body Waves

106. Surface Waves

107. P, S. and Surface Waves

108. Four Stages of an Underground Explosion

109. Earthquakes vs. Explosions

111. World-Wide Data AIP