1. WARM-UP EXERCISES Insert grouping symbols to make the sentences true.

2. Exponents & Powers
Exponents are used to represent repeated multiplication. 46
4 is the base. The base is the number that is being repeated.
6 is the exponent. The exponent tells you how many times to repeat the base.

3. Exponents & Powers 46 - Read Four to the sixth power.
72 - Read Seven to the second power or
Seven squared
53 - Read Five to third power or
Five cubed

4. Exponents & Powers Use an exponent to represent the expression:
8  8  8  8  8 85
3x  3x  3x  3x
(3x)4

5. Exponents & Powers Evaluate: 34 3  3  3  3 81 55 5  5  5  5  5
3125

6. ORDER OF OPERATIONS 1.) Do operations inside grouping symbols.
2.) Evaluate exponents.
3.) Do multiplication or division in order from left to right.
4.) Do addition or subtraction in order from left to right.

7. ORDER OF OPERATIONS 3  42 + 1 3  16 + 1 48 + 1 49
23 - [ ( 45  15)3  9 ]2
23 - [ 33  9 ]2
23 - [ 27  9 ]2
23 - 9 14

8. Write in exponential form. 1. ) p squared 2. ) t  t 3
Write in exponential form. 1.) p squared 2.) t  t 3.) 5 t  t t  t Evaluate each power. 4.) 64 5.) 25 6.) 93 Evaluate using the order of operations. 7.) 6   7 8.) 10  (3 + 2) ) [(7 – 4)2 + 3] + 15

9. VARIABLES IN ALGEBRA
Variable - a letter that is used to represent one or more numbers.
Evaluating an Algebraic Expression:
1.) Write the algebraic expression.
2.) Substitute values for the variables.
3.) Simplify the numerical expression using the order of operations.

10. Examples 20 + 20 = 40 8x + 9y when x = 8 & y = 12 8  8 + 9  12
172
5x + (3x + 8) when x = 4
5  4 + (3  4 + 8)
5  4 + (12 + 8)
5 
= 40

11. Assignment
1.) (x + y)2 when x = 5 & y = 3 2.) m – n2 when m = 25 & n = 4 3.) (a – b)4 when a = 4 & b = 2 4.) (d – 3)2 when d = 16 5.) c3 + d when c = 4 & d = 16
6.) 16 + x3 when x = 2 7.) 3 + 2x3 when x = 4 8.) 3r2 – 17 when r = 6 9.) x/ when x = ) 6 + 2p2 when p = 5

12. Homework Answers P. 12 41.) 64 42.) 9 43.) 16 44.) 80 45.) 100 46.) 24
13.) ) 32
15.) ) 213
17.) ) 91
19.) ) 24

13. Real Numbers Natural Numbers– Positive whole numbers. 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Some people do not include 0 with the set of Natural Numbers.

14. Integers – Positive and negative whole numbers.
… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …
Rational Numbers – A number that can be written as the quotient of two integers. A rational number either terminates or is a repeating decimal.
-2, ½, ¾, √4 and 1/3

15. Irrational Numbers – A number that cannot be written as the quotient of two integers. Irrational numbers cannot be written as repeating or terminating decimals.
√5, 1/7, π

16. Examples
Identify as a natural, integer, rational or irrational number. You may have more than one answer.
-22
5/7
√49 12

17. Adding Real Numbers
If the signs are alike, then add the numbers together and keep the sign of the largest number.
- 5 + (-4)
5 + 4 = 9
- 9

18. If the signs are different, then subtract the numbers and keep the sign of the largest number. 24

19. Examples: -7 + (-6) -13 2.9 + ( -3.6) + (-3) 2.9 + (-6.6)
= 3.7
-3.7

20. Use your addition rules to answer the following problems.
1.) – ) –45 + (-33) 3.) 66 + (-103) 4.) – ) – (-54.7)
6.) 54 + (-23) ) –43 + (-67) + (-89) 8.) (-3.4) + 5.8

21. Subtracting Real Numbers
To subtract real numbers, change the problem to an addition problem and solve.
SUBTRACTION TO ADDITION: (Copy/Change/Change)
1.) Keep the first number the same.
2.) Change the subtraction sign to an addition sign.
3.) Change the number behind the subtraction sign to its opposite.
4.) Follow the addition rules.

22. Examples: - 4 - 7 - 4 + (-7) -11 13 - (-35) 13 + 35 48
8 - (-6)
(-7) + 14
14 + (-7) + 14
7 + 14 21
- 4 + (-7)
-11
13 - (-35) 48

23. Use your subtraction rules to answer the following problems.
1.) 75 – (-25)
2.) –54 – (-23)
3.) 76 – (-130)
4.) –52.1 – 43.2
5.) –6.32 – (-74.5)
6.) 45 – (-32) – 54
7.) –34 – (-76) + (-98)

24. Multiplying and Dividing with positives and negatives:
1.) Multiply or divide the numbers first.
2.) Place your sign on your answer.
a.) If the signs are the same, then my answer is positive.
b.) If the signs are different, then my answer is negative.

25. DIVISION OF REAL NUMBERS
Divide the numbers. (If fractions are involved, change the division to multiplication and flip the fraction behind the division sign.)
Place a sign on your answer. (Same rules as multiplication.)

26. Examples
51  (-3)
-216 ÷ (-12)
-5  2/3

27. Examples 48
- ½
-3x ÷ 2/5

28. Combining Like Terms Terms are separated by “+” and “-” signs.
Terms having the same variable and same exponent can be combined. Use Addition rules.
Terms that do not have a variable may be combined.

29. 1.) 7x + 12x
19x
2.) 8y – 5y + 8
3y + 8
3.) -5x + x –
-5x + 1x –
-4x – 2

30. Homework Answers 8.) –12t + 30 9.) –3x + 6 10.) 11b + 12 11.) 3h – 3
14.) 9c – ) 1d – 3
16.) 3h – ) 8x + 7
18.) 4z ) 2y + 12
20.) 8p 21.) 10m + 3

31. Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
STANDARD FORM OF A POLYNOMIAL: 
5x3 – 4x2 + 2x – 3
*Always written in descending order, beginning with the term with the highest exponent first and ending with the constant or the term with the smallest exponent. 
Coefficient – The numbers that come before the variables.

32. Steps for Adding & Subtracting
Get rid of parentheses. (put a “1” in front of parentheses that do not have a number and multiply each term.)
Combine your like terms.
Write in standard form.

33. Warm – Up Exercises
1.)  3 ÷ 2 2.) 3 •  6 3.) 5  (  4)

34. Properties of Addition & Multiplication
Associative Property of Addition
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Associative Property of Multiplication
(a • b) • c = a • (b • c)
In the associative property the order does not change. What is in parentheses does.

35. Commutative Property of Addition
a + b = b + a
Commutative Property of Multiplication
a • b = b • a
In the commutative property, the order of the problem does not matter.

36. Identity Property of Addition
0 + a = a
Identity Property of Multiplication
1 • a = a

37. 6 • 4 = 4 • 6
5  1 = 5
(5 + 3) + 8 = 5 + (3 + 8)
( ) + 22 = 22 + ( )
= 12
Finish the problem (Use the properties): =
7. (x + y) + z = =
9. 25  1 =
10. 2(4) =

38. 6 • 4 = 4 • 6 [ CPM ]
5  1 = 5 [ IPM ]
(5 + 3) + 8 = 5 + (3 + 8) [ APA ]
( ) + 22 = 22 + ( ) [ CPA ]
= 12 [ IPA ]
Finish the problem (Use the properties):
= [ CPA ]
7. (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) [ APA ]
= -22 [IPA]
9. 25  1 = 25 [IPM]
10. 2(4) = 4(2) [CPM]

39. Multiplying Monomials
When two monomials have the same variable, they can be multiplied
1. Multiply the numbers.
2. Add the exponents on the like variables.
Ex: 5y2  (-7y4)
= -35y6

40. Multiplying Monomials by Polynomials
–5t ( 2t2 – 7t + 9)
-5t (2t2) -5t (-7t) -5t (9)
-10t3 + 35t2 – 45t
3x3( 2x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 9)
3x3(2x3) 3x3(-3x2) 3x3(5x) 3x3(-9)
6x6 – 9x5 + 15x4 -27x3

41. Get your homework assignment out and work these problems.
1.) x (3x – 5) + 2 (3x – 5)
2.) 3x (4x – 2) – 6 (4x – 2)
3.) 5x2 (2x + 6) – 3x (2x + 6)

42. Homework Answers 1.) 10t3 -16t2 + 33t 2.) -21y3 + 49y2 + 9y
3.) -4x3 + 15x2 – 2x 4.) 10b3 – 28b2 – 11b
5.) 3d3 + 4d2 – 35d

43. Multiplying Polynomials
Multiply the 2nd parentheses by the first term in the 1st parentheses.
Multiply the 2nd parentheses by the second term in the 1st parentheses.
Combine like terms.

44. Matrices
Matrix – A rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns.
rows
columns

45. A matrix is identified by the number of rows and columns.
rows x columns
The matrix on the previous slide has 2 rows and 3 columns so it is 2 x 3 matrix. Read “2 by 3”.
The numbers in a matrix are called entries. In the matrix on the previous slide, the entry in the second row and third column is 4.

46. Adding & Subtracting Matrices
You cannot add or subtract matrices that have different numbers of rows and columns.
Use your addition rules and add the corresponding entries and put them in the same spot in your matrix answer.

47. Subtracting Matrices
1.) Change to addition. (First matrix stays the same, subtraction sign becomes addition, EACH ENTRY IN THE SECOND MATRIX MUST BE CHANGED TO ITS OPPOSITE.
2.) Use your rule for adding matrices to get your answer.