1. Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services International Civil Aviation Organization Air Traffic Management Section Air Navigation Bureau

2. 2 SAR1 THE GLOBAL CONCEPT ICAO Goal: To provide a world-wide SAR system that will provide assistance to all persons in distress regardless of nationality or circumstance … The fastest, most effective and practical way to achieve this goal is to develop regional systems associated with each ocean area and continent.

3. INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SAR (IAMSAR) MANUAL expounds SHARED USE of ASSETS, andSHARED USE of ASSETS, and COOPERATION, betweenCOOPERATION, between government & industry, civilian and military, aeronautical & maritime, ATC & SAR.

4. Some States have special challenges.

5. 5 SAR1 Regionalization provides ë standardized services, ë avoidance of duplication, ë access to shared, more plentiful assets, and ë wider coverage at contributory cost.

6. 6 SAR1 ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY OVERSIGHT & AUDIT PROGRAMME Many administrations lack an appropriate legislative framework, including: ë basic civil aviation law, ë appropriate regulations, ë procedures, documentation and ë guidance material

7. 7 SAR1 Still deeper shortcomings….. There is a lack of: qualified and experienced technical personnel;..adequate certification and licensing systems; and..authorities to oversee & regulate service providers and resolve safety issues.

8. 8 SAR1 lack of commitment by governments is resulting in... an inability to recruit & retain staff,an inability to recruit & retain staff, job insecurity,job insecurity, low staff morale, andlow staff morale, and lack of adequate support staff, equipment and facilities.lack of adequate support staff, equipment and facilities.

9. 9 SAR1 AUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGS MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS: MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS: air law; regulations; operational documents; committees of management; letters of agreement; equipment; experienced & qualified staff, training; regulatory oversight.

10. 10 SAR1 RISK! …that some States’ interests may be paid too little regard. Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must be the cornerstones of global SAR development. The challenge is to provide for minimum system requirements while preserving national identity, sovereignty and cultural distinction.

11. 11 SAR1 Culture affects Communication. beliefs and attitudes affect one’s interaction with others, that is, ë how we talk to them, ë how we delegate, ë how we accept orders, ë how we negotiate differences of opinion, ë how decisions are made, ë how risks are evaluated, and ë other aviation-related issues

12. 12 SAR1 To design an effective SAR operations training course requires the development of a communication training course to include a segment on inter-cultural communication or there will be serious risk of failure.

13. 13 SAR1 regional air traffic control system …will be dependent upon: 1. New technology, 2. New procedures, and 3. New practices and the effectiveness of the way humans and machines interact.

14. 14 SAR1 Optimising the human operator/ environment relationship 1. 1. by altering aspects of human behaviour to meet the demands of a particular task 2. by altering aspects of the environment to meet the particular needs of the operator

15. Human SOVEREIGNTY in the RCC Human SOVEREIGNTY in the RCC

16. 16 SAR1 Human-centred approach...provides the operator with automated assistance that saves time and effort. The operator’s task is supported, not managed, by computing machinery.

17. 17 SAR1 HUMAN OPERATORS …..are the ultimate integrators of system elements … This dependence is unlikely to decrease and may increase in unanticipated ways, so... UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMANS!

18. 18 SAR1 issues of an institutional and legal nature SAR is already ahead of the game with highly effective, consensual arrangements for the Cospas-Sarsat system.

19. 19 SAR1 Technology ë changes role of workers from “hands on” to thinkers and controllers and ë introduces new realm for error. ë Cause & effect are more difficult to find out.

20. 20 SAR1 Two kinds of ACCIDENTS INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENTS...the greater number ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENTS rare; can be catastrophic in complex industries; recently identified; product of technical innovations.

21. 21 SAR1 The events in an accident chain: are difficult to discern ahead of time & therefore difficult to control; frequently obscured by time, tradition & the common-place; BUT there is a logic to them, and a logic to them, and safety can be enhanced by timely adjustments.

22. 22 SAR1

23. 23 SAR1

24. 24 SAR1 We are more driven......to produce than protect. We have more productive skills than protective. To produce is more amenable to our professional natures.

25. 25 SAR1

26. 26 SAR1 LAYERS OF DEFENCE to create understanding and awareness to give clear guidance to provide alarms and warnings to restore the system to interpose safety barriers to contain and eliminate the hazards to provide the means of escape and rescue

27. 27 SAR1 SOFT APPLICATIONS PAPER AND PEOPLE legislation, regulatory surveillance, rules and procedures, training, drills and briefings, administrative controls, licensing & certification, supervisory oversight and front line work force. RELEVANT TO SAR

28. 28 SAR1 LAYERS OF DEFENCE to create understanding and awareness to give clear guidance to provide alarms and warnings to restore the system to interpose safety barriers to contain and eliminate the hazards to provide the means of escape and rescue

29. 29 SAR1 CONCLUSIONS 1. An arrangement of several regional organizations could provide essential elements beyond the capacity of individual States; 2. Barriers & safeguards must be set in place; they must be comprehensive & mutually supportive.

30. 30 SAR1 LATENT FAILURES DELUSIVE because they seem INNOCUOUS & BENIGN imprecise procedures, shortfalls in training, inadequate equipment, bad strategic decisions by regulators, organizational managers or international organizations

31. 31 SAR1 CHERNOBYL Valeri Legaslov: “After being at Chernobyl, I drew the unequivocal conclusion that the accident was … the summit of all the incorrect running of the economy which had been going on in our country for many years”.

32. 32 SAR1 Close attention needs to be paid to: legislation, regulatory surveillance, rules and procedures, documentation, training, administrative controls, operator proficiency standards, regulatory surveillance, rules and procedures, documentation, training, administrative controls, operator proficiency standards, supervisory oversight. supervisory oversight.

33. A safe and effective SAR system in Asia- and the world International Civil Aviation Organization Air Traffic Management Section Air Navigation Bureau