1. Chapter 27 AMSCO Part I Notes
The Eisenhower
Chapter 27 AMSCO
Part I Notes

2. I. Themes/Introduction
Containment
Brinkmanship
Modern Republicanism
Civil Rights Movement
CIA
Nuclear Proliferation
Happy Days

4. II. Eisenhower Takes Command
Dwight D. Eisenhower personified the 1950s
“I Like Ike” expressed the feeling of millions of middle class Americans.
Trusted and admired Commander of Allied Forces in WWII
Attended West Point

5. A. The Election of 1952 Americans’ wanted relief from the Korean War
End to “the mess in Washington”
First presidential victory in 20 years
Republican Primaries
Senator Robert Taft of Ohio
War Hero Eisenhower – Ike Wins
Richard Nixon was his VP
California Senator known for Alger Hiss case
Democrat Candidate
Adlai Stevenson
Popular Governor of Illinois
Criticized McCarthyism

6. B. Campaign Highlights Ike – non-politician spotless record
Nixon almost dropped, when he used campaign funds for personal use
Appealed to American’s on TV with his “Checkers” speech
Pledged to end the War in Korea
Won 55 % of popular vote, electoral votes

8. C. Ike’s Domestic Policies
Delegated Authority
Corporate Executives in the cabinet
Sec. of Defense – Charles Wilson – former GM head
Criticized for spending to much time golfing and fishing
Research proved he was in charge

9. 1. Eisenhower’s “Modern Republicanism”
Fiscal Conservative
Goal was to balance budget
Came close to curbing federal spending
Moderate on domestic issues
Accepted New Deal programs
Extended Social Security, extended to 10 million more citizens
Minimum wage raised
Additional public housing
Created Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Under Oveta Culp Hobby – first women in Republican cabinet
Soil Bank Program Initiated
Opposed Federal Health Care

10. 2. Interstate Highway System3
Highway Act (1956)
Construction of 42,000 miles – model for world
Use of fed. Money justified for national defense
Created jobs, promoted trucking, suburbs grew, more homogenous culture
Caused decline of railroad industry
Decline in public transportation

11. 3. US Prosperity Steady Growth Rate
Negligible inflation of 1.5 percent
Deficits fell in relation to national wealth
Ike’s economic policies considered most successful of any modern president by some historians
Per capita income tripled ( )
Twice real income of 1920s
Highest standard of living in the world

12. D. The Election of 1956
Ike suffered a heart attack in 1955, major surgery in 1956
Renominated by Republicans, included Nixon as VP
Dems. Nominated Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower won by an even greater margin than in 1952
Why? Clue $$$$$$$$
Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress

14. III. Eisenhower and the Cold War
Most attention in both terms on foreign policy
A. Dulles Diplomacy
Sec. of State Dulles
Princeton, France, GW Law, and UN Delegate
Critical of Truman’s containment policy as too passive
Wanted to challenge communist China and USS Liberate “Captive Nations” like Taiwan
Declared that if US pushed a nuclear showdown that the Soviets would back down
Became known as “brinkmanship”
Eisenhower quelled Dulles’ plans

15. 1. Dulles Massive Retaliation Plan
Greater reliance on nuclear weapons
Scale back conventional army
“More bang for the buck”
In 1953 we produced the Hydrogen Bomb
Soviets caught up in 1954
To some massive retaliation = mutual extinction
Deterrent against superpowers but not “brushfire wars”
Southeast Asia, African and the Middle East

16. Operation Ivy

17. B. Unrest in the Third World
Collapse of Colonial Empires
– Dozen of former colonies in Asia and Africa became independent
1947 – India and Pakistan
1949 – Indonesia
1957 – Ghana – first independent colonized African nation
Became Cold War pawns – they needed economic aid

18. 1. Covert Action
1953 – CIA helped overthrow gov. that nationalized oil held by foreign companies
Coup de teat led for return of the Shah of Iran
The Shah was pro west –provided cheap oil prices and purchased American arms
1954
CIA helped overthrow leftist gov. in Guatemala
ItemID=WE53&iPin=WPA0518&SingleRecord=True

19. 2. Asia a. Korean Armistice
Eisenhower traveled to Korea to visit UN forces
Threat of Nuclear War and death of Stalin in 1953 convinced China and Korea to agree to an armistice and exchange of prisoners in July 1953
Fighting stopped not all US troops removed
DMZ at 38th Parallel still divides North and South
A peace treaty was never signed

21. b. Fall of French Indochina
French lost Indochina to Japan in WWII
French after WWII tried to retain Indochina
Vietnamese and Cambodians resisted
Ho Chi Minh led communists against the French
Truman gave military aid to French
China and USSR aided the Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh
1954 – France at the Geneva Conference gave up Indochina
Became Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

23. c. Division of Vietnam
Divided at 17th Latitude Line according to Geneva Conference
North – Communist – Ho Chi Minh dictator
South – Ngo Dinh Diem – supported by anticommunist, Catholic and urban
General election never held – feared North would win
US Gave I billion in Aid to South – Truman Doctrine
Eisenhower mentioned the domino theory

24. d. SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)
Put in place to prevent the spread of communism
Agreed to defend one another in case of attack
8 Nations Signed
US, GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, The Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan

25. 3. The Middle East a. US Quagmire
Remain cordial with oil-rich Arab states
Support Israel
Egypt, Palestinians, and other Arabs resented formation of Israel

26. b. Suez Crisis
General Nasser of Egypt asked US for Aswan Dam project on Nile River
US refused b/c of Egypt threatening Israel
Nasser asked USSR to help build the dam
Soviets agreed
1956 Nasser seized British and French owned Suez Canal
Threatened Western Europe’s access to ME Oil
Britain, France, and Israel launched a surprise attack to reclaim Suez Canal
Eisenhower condemned attack on Egypt
Sponsored UN resolution to end crisis

28. c. Eisenhower Doctrine Pledged economic aid to any country
US replaced Britain and France as leading Western influence in Middle East
Wanted to offset Soviet influence in Egypt and Syria
First applied doctrine to Lebanon in 1958
Sent 14,000 troops to prevent civil war between Christians and Muslims
Supported the Christian Pro-Western President
70 Ship, 40,000 sailors
Occupied Beirut International Airport

29. d. OPEC and Oil Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960)
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela
Ongoing Concerns
Western Dependence on Oil
Arab Nationalism
Israel Palestine Conflict

32. IV. US – Soviet Relations
A. Spirit of Geneva
1. Stalin died in 1953, Eisenhower called to slow down the arms race
2. Atoms for Peace Plan
3. Soviets withdrew troops from Austria and est. peace with Greece and Turkey
4. Geneva Conference (1955)
a. Eisenhower and Nikolai Bulganin
i. Ike proposed “open skies”
– Khrushchev denounced crimes of Stalin and supported peaceful co-existence with the West.

33. B. Hungarian Revolt
1. East Germany and Poland wanted to reform communist policies
2. Hungarians overthrew a gov. backed by the Soviets
a. Briefly established liberal rule, until the Soviets sent tanks to reestablish control
Ended first “thaw” in the Cold War
Ended Dulles talk of “liberation”
3. Sputnik Shock
a. USSR launched the first satellites – Sputnik I and II
i. Rocket could also deliver nuclear warhead
b. US rockets failed to launch satellites initially
i. US Science and Math Education failed?
ii. National Defense and Education Act (NDEA)
iii. NASA (1958) – build missiles, explore space

34. b. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the spy flights
C. Khrushchev gave the West six months to pull troops out of West Berlin and give the city to the East Germans
Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David in Maryland
D. U-2 Incident
A. Two weeks before the next meeting in Paris, a US spy plane was shot down over the USSR
b. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the spy flights
i. Khrushchev called off the Paris Summit

35. E. Communism in Cuba
1. Lost of Cuba to communism was extremely alarming to Eisenhower – 90 miles from Florida
2. Fidel Castro overthrew dictator Batista in 1959
a. Later declared that he was a Marxist, allied with the USSR and set up a Communist Gov.
3. Castro nationalized American-owned businesses and properties
4. US Response
i. Cut of trade with Cuba
ii. CIA began to train exiles to retake Cuba

36. F. Eisenhower’s Legacy
1. Claimed credit for keeping peace with Communists without the loss of American lives 2. Military Industrial Complex a. Spoke out against negative social impacts of the Cold War b. Warned of becoming a military or imperial state

37. V. The Civil Rights Movement
A. Origins of the Movement
1. Jackie Robinson broke the color line in 1947 (Brooklyn Dodgers)
2. Truman had integrated the armed forces and introduced civil rights leg. in Congress (1948)
3. Discrimination in the South of African Americans
a. Segregated schools and public facilities, kept from voting by poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clauses, and intimidation
b. Limited education stimulated poverty

38. B. Changing Demographics 1
B. Changing Demographics 1. Migration of African Americans North in the 1940s and 1950s - African Americans became a Democratic Force C. Changing Attitudes in the Cold War 1. The US and the Soviets vied for allies in Africa and Asia 2. Racial segregation and discrimination stood out as wrongs that needed to be corrected

39. D. Desegregating Schools 1
D. Desegregating Schools 1. NAACP tirelessly worked to overturn Plessey v. Ferguson a. End the “separate but equal” facilities 1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) a. NAACP lawyers led by Thurmond Marshall argued that Plessey v. Ferguson violated 14th Amendment “equal protection of the laws” b. Overturned Plessey case i. Separate facilities were unconstitutional ii. Segregation should end

40. E. Resistance in the South 1. Deep South states fought Brown decision a. Closed public schools b. Little Rock Nine i. Gov. of Arkansas, Orval Faubus used states’ National Guard to prevent nine students from walking into Little Rock High School ii. Eisenhower did not totally support desegregation - However he ordered US troops to protect the Little Rock Nine as they entered school

41. F. Montgomery Bus Boycott 1
F. Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. Rosa Parks fought against segregation laws on southern public transportation a. Here arrest caused the Montgomery bus boycott b. MLK, Jr. emerged as the leader of the movement i. Inspired by Gandhi’s non-violent tactics ii. Triumphed when Supreme Court ruled against segregation laws in 1956

42. G. Federal Laws 1. Eisenhower signed two civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960 first civil rights laws since Reconstruction a. Provided for a Civil Rights Commission b. Justice Department had new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks.

43. H. Non-Violent Protests 1
H. Non-Violent Protests 1. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) a. Organized ministers and churches to support the civil rights movement b – Greensboro College Students – Woolworth Sit In to protest segregation 2. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to sustain movement a. Utilized sit in tactics to integrate restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries, pools, and transportation. 3. The civil rights movement would stall in the 1960s and violent confrontations would occur.