Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byBenjamin Lee Modified over 9 years ago
1
David Elkind: The Effects of Stress and Play on Children By: Meghan Bible and Jane Schuberg
2
Biography Born in Detroit, Michigan in 1931 He received his B.A. from UCLA in 1952 and his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1955 He was first exposed to Jean Piaget when he worked as a Research Assistant to David Rappaport at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, MA From 1964 to 1965, he worked at Piaget's Institut d'Epistemopologie Genetique in Geneva, Switzerland He is currently an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Child Development at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts
3
Elkind's Theory of the Hurried Child Elkind's research focuses on the cognitive and social development of children and adolescents. In his book, The Hurried Child, he researches the causes and effects of stress in children and adolescents. Elkind believes that there are many factors that contribute to a child's stress, including parents, school, and the media.
4
Parents Earlier is Better –Organized Sports Academic Pressure –Reading
5
School Assembly-line Learning The Japanese Example “A certain amount of stress and pressure are important and healthy for children to realize their full powers. It is only when the stresses and pressures become inappropriate and extraordinary, as they are in many of our schools today, that expectations and demands become hurrying and the stress unhealthy.” (The Hurried Child 75)
6
Media Television Magazines and Books Music
7
Elkind's Theory of Play Elkind believes that play is “nature's way of dealing with stress for children.” In today's society, children are no longer playing with toys that utilize imagination and creativity, or engaging in spontaneous pickup games in the neighborhood. Play is being obliterated by modern society, even though it aids the nourishment of a child’s cognitive, social, and emotional development.
8
Terms to Define Hurried Stress Stressor Play
13
Our Study Major Premise: According to Elkind, children are maturing emotionally earlier than their natural developmental stage might dictate, resulting in needless suffering and stress. Based on this theory, how does a child’s emotional behavior relate to his/her amount of stress? Minor Premise: Does the child's play have an effect on the level of stress?
14
Hypothesis Based on Elkind’s idea of the relationship between stress and emotion, it can be hypothesized that a child’s degree of stress will correspond with his/her emotions.
15
Critical Questions Will the stressed child show aggressive behavior and/or be more descriptive in his/her responses to questions that deal with emotion? Will the unstressed child be calmer and exhibit appropriate coping mechanisms in his/her responses to questions that deal with emotion? Does the unstressed child play more than the stressed child?
16
Survey Name (first name only): ______________________________________ Age: __________ Gender (circle one):malefemale Name of School: ___________________________________________ How many brothers and sisters live in your house? _________________ Is there anyone else that lives in your house that is not a parent or a sibling? Yes (Explain: _________________________) No What chores are you responsible for at your house? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Do you play each day after school? If so, for how long each day? _____________ Do you play more on the weekends? If so, for how long each day? ___________ What do you do when you play? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What time do you go to bed? ________________________ Is there a TV or computer in your room? If so, which one? ___________ When you watch TV, what are the names of the shows that you watch? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Response Questions What would you do if someone called you a bad name to your face? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What would you do if you heard someone say bad things about you behind your back? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How do you feel when you know you are about to take a big test like the TAKS test? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What would you do if a teacher embarrassed or punished you in front of the class? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What do you do when you feel like people just do not understand you? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How do you feel when your parent(s) do not listen to you? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How would you feel if your parent(s) left you at home alone? Why?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
17
Criteria That Contributes to Stress Quotes by David Elkind3 – High Stress 2 – Moderate/ Normal Stress 1 – Low/No Stress Home Life: People living in the house other than parents and siblings; bed time (Contributes to Stress) Stressors are special demands that call for an extra effort of adaptation. “Adaptation energy” acts as an energy reservoir that allows us to deal with the contingencies of everyday life and is replenished each day by food and sleep. (Hurried Child, 164-5) Other people besides parents and siblings live in the child’s home. Child goes to bed after 10 PM. Child either a.) has other people besides parents and siblings living in the home, or b.) goes to bed between 9 and 10 PM. Only parents and siblings live in the child’s home. Child goes to bed before 9 PM. School: Standardized Tests (Contributes to Stress) “Children are pressured to meet uniform standards as measured by standardized tests.” (Hurried Child, 50) “Testing is stressful at all age levels, but it adds to the pressure when test results are widely publicized” (Hurried Child, 56) Child responds using words such as “nervous,” “stressed,” or “fail.” Child says that he/she is a “little” nervous or responds with mixed emotions (“confident and nervous”). Child responds using words such as “excited” or “don’t care.” Media: Television (Contributes to Stress) “With television, children have access to news, drama, and entertainment without having to translate words into images. The images are already there.” (Hurried Child, 80) The majority of the TV shows the child watches are inappropriate for his/her age. (violent, contain sensual material, language) Half of the TV shows the child watches are inappropriate for his/her age. All of the TV shows the child watches are age-appropriate. Social Conflicts (Effect/Evidence of Stress) “stress is the wear and tear on our bodies” (Hurried Child, 164) “conflict is just one, albeit a powerful, stressor” (Hurried Child, 164) Child shows an extreme amount of emotion by the tone and detail of his/her response. Act aggressively (“punch,” “yell”). Uses words such as “angry,” “mad,” “frustrated,” “hate.” Child’s responses comprise of a negative emotion, but he/she takes no action. (child feels “bad” or “sad” but does nothing) Child responds in a “calm” manner and exhibits proper Coping mechanisms. Uses phrases such as “because I understand,” “deal with it,” “talk to them,” “tell an adult” (child reacts positively) Criteria That May Alleviate Stress Quote by David Elkind -3 – Decreases Stress Significantly -2 – Decreases Stress Slightly -1 – Does Not Decrease Stress at All Amount of Play “Play is nature's way of dealing with stress for children” (Hurried Child, 218) The child engages in imaginative and self-initiated play for at least 4 hours per day. * Type of play (play with friends, ride my bike, crafts, etc.) The child engages in imaginative and self-initiated play 2-3 hours per day. The child engages in imaginative and self-initiated play for one hour or less per day. * Type of play (organized sports, electronic games that do not involve creativity or strategy)
18
Peak Preparatory is a public charter school in downtown Dallas. 90% of the students enrolled in Peak come from low- income households. The majority of the students are either one or two grade levels behind where they should be. The students have a longer school day than most students in DISD, and they also attend mandatory Saturday School and Summer School. Principal: Ms. Teresa Khirallah
19
Peak Academy Home Life Media: Television School: Standardized Tests Play Stress Score (Average) Social Conflicts (Emotional Response) Score Is the Stress Score and Social Conflict Score the same? Student's NameGenderAge 4th Graders BlancaF1021211yes NancyF10112-212no JocelynF1011312no SusanF9213-212no ChristinaF1011311yes IrisF10112-311yes BriannaF9213-211yes FranciscoM1031113no EricM10132-212no ChristianM10111-211yes JeffreyM10123-212no TeobaldoM9113-311yes LeonardM1121111yes CameronM1012323no GeraldoM911312no JulianM1023322yes DanielM922322yes DavidM1011011yes RafaelM911312no
21
Holy Family School Holy Family is a private Catholic school located in Irving, TX. Compared to the public schools in the area, Holy Family is a much smaller community.
22
Data Collected Holy Family of Nazareth Home Life Media: Television School: Standardized Tests Play Stress Score (Average) Social Conflicts (Emotional Response) Score Is the Stress Score and Social Conflict Score the same? Student's Name Gende r Age 4th Graders KatrinaF9213-212no MelissaF911312no LaurenF10211-211yes NatalieF10213-211yes MyriahF10112-212no TracyF11213-211yes SoominM1021111yes KyleM1021321no GabeM1011211yes 6th Graders RachaelF1121212no TaylorF1122222yes AndreaF11221-211yes AllieF11211-211yes StephanieF1111211yes DevynM1221111yes AngeloM12232-222yes TreyM1211112no MatthewM1211112no AndrewM12231-311yes ThomasM1223322yes NmesomaM12122-212no
24
What We Concluded: Based on our hypothesis, we were 57.5% correct. This means that generally a student’s stress score did match their emotional response score.
25
Limitations to Our Study: Students did not always write enough to give us a clear understanding of stress and/or emotions for evaluation, so in these instances we made decisions based on information we were given. Girls typically wrote more information than the boys, therefore the evaluation of the boys' surveys is likely to be less accurate.
26
If We Could Do It Over... We would have surveyed older children, such as 5 th or 6 th graders. We would interview the children one-on-one while they complete the survey so that we could guarantee good information.
27
Bibliography Elkind, David. The Hurried Child. 3rd Ed. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2001. Elkind, David. The Power of Play. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2007. Doorey, Marie. “David Elkind.” 28 March 2009..http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/gep_01/gep_01_0021 7.htm
29
Quotes by Elkind On television: “How children are portrayed to children thus reflects how society views children and also provides images with whom children identify and seek to emulate.” (The Hurried Child, 87) On family: “Our new family styles [divorce, single parenting, two-parent working families, blended families] make it next to impossible for the majority of parents to provide the kind of childrearing that goes along with the image of children as in need of parental nature.” (The Hurried Child, xvi) On hurrying children: “When children dress like adults they are more likely to behave as adults do, imitate adult actions.” (The Hurried Child, 9) On play: “Because children are spending so much time in front of television, as well as other screens, there is little time for exercising their predisposition for fantasy, imagination, and creativity – the mental tools for success in higher-level math and science.” (Power of Play, x)
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.