1. A Timeline of Civil Liberties and National Security

2. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Context: Federalists were worried about the effects of the French Revolution. ★ More difficult to become a citizen ★ Easier to arrest/deport non-citizens who “endangered” national security ★ Could be arrested for criticizing the government

3. Lincoln Restricts Habeas Corpus (1863) Context: Civil War draft riots in Northern cities. ★ The constitutional right that protects citizens from random arrest and detention was suspended.

4. Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918) Context: To punish anyone who opposed the effort to fight WWI. ★ A crime to interfere with the draft ★ A crime to speak or publish anything “disloyal...or abusive” about the government or the U.S.

5. Schenck v. U.S. (1919) Context: A challenge was to the Sedition Act ★ Supreme Court ruled that free speech could be restricted during wartime. ★ “clear and present danger” ★ Can’t yell “fire” in a theater and cause a panic

6. Palmer Raids/Red Scare (1920’s) Context: Fear of Communism in America ★ Fear and distrust of foreigners who might be communists led to the targeting of socialists, anarchists (Sacco and Vanzetti), labor leaders and immigrants.

7. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) Context: After the attack on Pearl Harbor, anti- Japanese sentiment led President FDR to issue Executive Order 9066 to relocate Japanese- American citizens. ★ S.C. ruled that it was a reasonable wartime emergency measure.

8. McCarthyism/Red Scare (1950’s) Context: Fear of communism led by Sen. Joseph McCarthy during the Cold War. ★ HUAC - to investigate communist activity ★ Alger Hiss Case - FDR advisor charged with being a communist spy ★ McCarthyism - to accuse without evidence ★ Rosenberg’s - guilty of giving nuclear secrets to the USSR

9. Patriot Act (2001) Context: Passed by Congress soon after 9/11/01 in order to prevent future terrorist attacks in the U.S. ★ Law enforcement has broader powers to monitor suspected terrorists ★ Detain/deport aliens associated with terrorist groups ★ Creation of Dept. of Homeland Security ★ Most citizens were willing to give up some freedoms in return for improved protection