1. Culture and the Individual
Enculturation, Socialization & Personality
Kimberly Porter Martin

2. Personality
-characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of genetics, socialization, enculturation and life experience.

3. Personality Trait
A lasting characteristic attributed to persons in varying amounts of strength.
Fiske, 1971

4. Anthony F.C. Wallace
Societies deal with individual differences in personality in two general ways:
1. They enculturate and socialize children, shaping them to suit cultural expectations
2. They provide alternative roles that accommodate different personalities

5. Enculturation Vs. Social Stratification
The Enculturation, Socialization and Personality PowerPoint ( this one!) focuses on enculturation and socialization of individuals to try to shape them to cultural ideals. The Social Stratification and Personality PowerPoint will deal with how society shapes personality and the kinds of roles it provides for individuals with different personalities.

6. Personality Models
Measures of personality are based on models of the range of and importance of specific personality traits.
Studying measures gives us insight about the emic views of the culture in which the measures were.

7. The Big Questions To what extent are we using ethnocentric measures?
To what extent are we measuring ethnocentric concepts.
If some personality traits are completely outside the experience of the researcher,
How will the researcher know what to look for?
How will the researcher know how to measure them?

8. Big Five Personality Model

9. Western Culture’s Big Five
The Five Factor Model (FFM)
Conscientiousness
Persistence and reliability
Goal directedness
Agreeableness
Compassion, warmth
Gentle and sensitive
Openness to Experience
Curiosity and imagination
Extraversion
Positive attitude
Seeks stimulating social interaction
Neuroticism
Emotional instability
Anxiety and hostility

10. Kagitcibasi’s Three Family Styles
Independent family
Afluent, educated, middle class
Nuclear family units
Smaller families
Independence, self-sufficiency, uniqueness training
Interdependent family
Agrarian,
Children help w/ subsistence, care for aging parents
Intergenerational closeness, extended families
Obedience training
Psychological interdepence family
Emotional interdependence between family members
Socialized for family loyalties
Childrearing for a combination of autonomy within the context of family loyalty
Compromise between the other styles

11. Eysenck Personality Model (EPQ) Western Culture
Three qualities:
1. psychoticism*
2. extroversion
3. neuroticism
Psychoticism = aggression and interpersonal hostility. Predisposes for mental illness/schizophrenia.

12. Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI)
Added a sixth dimension to the Big Five:
Interpersonal Relatedness (importance of harmony, face and relationship orientation)
Openness dimension missing from CPAI
Found in China, Hawaii and Singapore.
Western “blind spot” with regard to personality traits

13. Variability in Scale Results
Locally derived measures are better
Some traits overlap, but not predictable
Sometimes traits dropped or added
Other times blended into different variations

14. Examples of Indigenous Personality Models
Ubuntu – Africa – “a person is a person through other persons”
Senegal – three layers of a person:
shell (body)
physiological functioning
psychological existence
spiritual existence

15. Sow’s African Model

16. Indian Jiva Personality Model

17. Examples of Indigenous Personality Models
Japanese Amae = passive love and dependence as an infant has for its mother.
Permeates Japanese culture throughout the lifespan.
Creates an expectation of passive connection to all others in the group.
Concealed amae leads to mental illness.

18. Examples of Indigenous Personality Models
Bambara
A symbolic system
Person is not separate from spirit world, human community and/or ecological context.
Sixty dimensions or elements in pairs, one male and one female.
Thought-reflection
Speech-authority
Future-destiny

19. Value Systems
Kluckhohn and Strodbeck
Hofstede
Locus of Control

20. Kluckhohn & Strodbeck’s Values Matrix (Item Examples)
Culture Type 1
Culture Type 2
Culture Type 3
The Innate Nature of Humans
Most people can’t be trusted.
There are both good and evil people in the world and you have to check people out to find out which they are.
Most people are basically pretty good at heart.
The Human Relationship to Nature
Life is largely determined by external forces, such as God fate or genetics. A person can’t surpass the conditions life has set.
Humans should, in every way, live in harmony with nature.
The human challenge is to conquer and control nature. Everything from air conditioning to the green revolution has resulted from our having met this challenge.
Time Orientation
Humans should learn from history and attempt to emulate the glorious ages of the past.
The present moment is everything. Lets make the most of it. Don’t worry about tomorrow. Enjoy today.
Planning and goal setting make it possible for humans to accomplish miracles. A little sacrifice today will bring a better tomorrow.
Modality of Human Activity
It is enough to just be. Its not necessary to accomplish great things in life to feel your life has been worthwhile
The human purpose for being placed on this earth is for our own inner development.
If people work hard and apply themselves fully, their efforts will be rewarded.
Human’s Relationship to Others
Some people are born to lead others. There are “leaders” and “followers” in this world.
Whenever I have a serious problem, I like to get the advice of my family or close friends in how best to solve it.
All people should have equal rights, and we should all have complete control over our own destiny.

21. Kluckhohn & Strodbeck’s Values Matrix (Core Value)
Culture Type 1
Culture Type 2
Culture Type 3
The Innate Nature of Humans
People are inherently evil.
People are a mixture of good and evil.
People are inherently good.
The Human Relationship to Nature
Humans are subjugated to nature.
Humans should live in harmony with nature
Humans should dominate nature
Time Orientation
Past oriented.
Present oriented.
Future oriented.
Modality of Human Activity
Being.
Becoming.
Doing.
Human’s Relationship to Others
Lineal/hierarchical relationships predominate.
Collateral relationships predominate.
Individualism is more important than relationships.

22. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
1. POWER DISTANCE
The degree of inequality between a less powerful person and a more powerful other (Mulder 1977).
The distance at which boss/supervisor and employee comfortably function within a given society.
The boss's style of decision making along with employees level of fear about disagreeing with superiors.

23. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
2. UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
The tolerance for uncertainty in a society, coped with in society by technology, law and religion, and in organizations by technology, rules and rituals.

24. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
3. INDIVIDUALISM
The relationship between the individual and the collectivity in which prevails in a given society.
The degree to which the individual is valued over the group, or the group is valued over the individual.

25. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
4. MASCULINITY
The degree to which a society focuses on assertion and competition as opposed to nurturance and the development and maintenance of relationships.

26. Locus of Control Who or what controls your life?
External = outside forces that you do not control or influence
Internal = you are empowered to make changes and choices in your life. You have control of your own life.