1. Itrat Rasool Quadri ST ID 220248 COE-543 Wireless and Mobile Networks
Performance Evaluation of Routing Algorithms in Wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Itrat Rasool Quadri
ST ID
COE-543
Wireless and Mobile Networks

2. Table of Contents Introduction MANET Routing Protocols
DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector)
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)
ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol)
TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)
Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Real Environment
Effect of Mobility and Workload
Performance Comparisons
Case Studies
Related Work
Future Work
Conclusion

3. DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol
Each Routing Table List all destinations and number of hops to each
Each Route is tagged with a sequence number originated by destination
Updates are transmitted periodically and when there is any significant topology change
Routing information is transmitted by broadcast

4. DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) Routing Protocol

5. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
Features:
- On Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocol
- Source Routing
DSR is based on two mechanisms
Route Discovery:
- Route Request
- Route Reply
Route Maintenance:
- Route Error
Each node maintains Route Cache

6. Route Discovery A sends E a message Lookup Route Cache for route A - E
Route found?
Start Route Discovery Protocol
Buffer packet no
Write route in packet header
yes
Continue normal processing
Route Discovery finished
wait
yes
Send packet to first host in header
Packet buffered? no
done

7. When any host receives a route request
<init, id> in list of recently seen requests?
Accept route request packet
Discard route request
yes no
Host’s address already in route record
Discard route request
yes
Append myAddr to route record no
myAddr=target no
Store <init,id> in list
yes
Send route reply packet
Broadcast packet
done

8. AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)
Pure on-demand protocol
Node does not need to maintain knowledge of another node unless it communicates with it
Broadcast discovery packets only when necessary
Distinguish between local connectivity and general topology maintenance
To disseminate Information about changes in local connectivity to those neighboring nodes that are likely to need it

9. AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)

10. ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol)
Hybrid Protocol – combines advantages of Reactive & Proactive Protocols
Proactively maintains information within a local zone
Reactively routes to out-of-zone nodes
Adjustable range of nodes

11. ZRP Example
1 Hop
2 Hops
Multi Hops B F A C D E G H

12. TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
On demand, source initiated routing
Distributed in that nodes only maintain one hop knowledge
Provides multiple routes to alleviate congestion
Creates loop free routes
Handles partitions by erasing invalid routes.

13. TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm)
Algorithm Overview
Route Creation: establish sequence of directed links from source to destination. this is done by forming destination oriented DAG
Route Maintenance: Reaction to topology changes in order to reestablish routes
Route Erasure: When a partition is detected in the network, all invalid routes must be removed from the network. this is done by making directed routes undirected

14. STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)
Routers in star communicate their source routing trees to their neighbors either incrementally or in atomic updates
It performs efficient routing in packet radio networks using link-state information.

15. STAR (Source Tree Adaptive Routing)

16. Factors Involved in Simulation Based Evaluation
Environmental Factors
Size or shape of simulation area: This factor, for its size, can be related to the node density. If area shape is more rectangular, it leads to longer routes
Radio
Radio transmission range in meters
Bandwidth in kBytes/second
MAC Protocol
Data Flow
Buffers in packets
Packet size in bytes
Traffic type
Mobility Model
Mobility, effects almost all of the outcomes, especially the protocol accuracy

17. Effect of Mobility and Workload
End-to-end Delay
End-to-end Throughput
Control Packets Overhead
Successful Packet Delivery
Path Optimality
Energy Consumption
Power Consumption

18. DSDV Performance Comparison

19. DSR Performance

20. AODV Performance

21. ZRP Performance

22. Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols

23. Performance Comparison of All Routing Protocols

24. Case Studies

25. Related Work PRNet (Packet Radio Network) ARP
SSA (Signal Stability Based Adaptive)
ABR (Associativity Based Routing Routing)

26. Future Work
DSDV
AODV
ZRP
TORA

27. Conclusion Quick route maintenance Power awareness (AODV)
Processing (DSDV, TORA)
Control Messages (TORA, DSR)
Load Distribution (AODV)
Choice for networks (AODV, DSDV)