1. The History of Journalism in America

2. Communication in Early America Face to face Speeches Publications from England Messages arriving on horse Books Popular songs Letters Pamphlets

3. Nature of Colonial Newspapers Short and infrequent

4. First Half of 1800s Newspapers became more political Helped create a cultural identity

5. First Half of 1800s The Penny Press  Daily publication for 1 cent  Newsboys sold on street  Reporters hired

6. The Penny Press: Content Sensationalism  Prostitute murder coverage in New York Herald, 1836 Prostitute murder coverage in New York Herald, 1836 Article excerpt

7. The Penny Press Continued Fabrication  The Moon Hoax The Moon Hoax

8. Second Half of 1800s Reporting during the Civil War  Censorship and limited access to battlefield  Problems with accuracy

9. Illustrations and Photos  Papers became illustrated Although, artists were often not “on the scene” when they made their sketches

10. Illustrations and Photos The Civil War was widely photographed  Although, there are questions as to whether photos were staged Mathew Brady

11. Late 19 th Century Journalism Competition between newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst (The New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) Yellow Journalism  Sensational coverage of events  Dramatic language  Use of banner headlines

12. Pre-Pulitzer headline

13. Yellow Journalism Many claimed that Hearst’s sensational treatment sparked the Spanish- American War

14. Yellow Journalism Investigative reporting  Reporters went undercover to expose social ills Nelly Bly’s Mad House story

15. The Progressive Era (Late 19th century) Muckraking Investigative reporting – “raking the muck” Term coined by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt  More reliance on facts and authoritative sources  Ex: Ida Tarbell reported “The Rise of the Standard Oil Company,” criticizing John D. Rockefeller

16. The Progressive Era – Late 19th Century Documentary Photography: also considered a muckraking medium  Jacob Riis exposed social problems: child labor, immigration, poor conditions in tenement housing

17. Jacob Riis: “Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street,” c. 1889

18. Jacob Riis: “Blind Beggar,” c. 1890

19. Early 20 th Century Journalism Emergence of the tabloids  Shocking photos and headlines Often some fabrication of story, but the public realized there were embellishments

20. Journalism During WWII Live radio reports Newspaper reporters accompanied troops War photographers “Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima” (1945), Joe Rosenthal

21. Journalism During WWII Buchenwald (1945), Margaret Bourke-White

22. Growth of Television In 1941, CBS had 15 hours of weekly programming, including two 15-minute newscasts By 1950, four networks had emerged: CBS, NBC, ABC and The Dumont Company The Today Show, 1952

23. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s TV Coverage of Civil Rights Movement Pictures created a sense of “immediacy” and “truth” Charles Moore for Life magazine

24. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s Coverage of the Vietnam War  Called a “television war” because TV news showed combat situations and wounded soldiers (see Morley Safer coverage)

25. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s Coverage included protests, including 1970 Kent State protest, where four students were shot by the National Guard

26. Media and Social Change in the 60s and 70s Adversarial (and investigative reporting)  The Pentagon Papers, 1971  Watergate, 1972-1974

27. Journalism Today 24-hour news sources Internet news sites Bloggers offering commentary

28. Citizen Journalism Public, participatory  Members of the public play an active role in collecting, reporting and analyzing events Types: mobile cameras, blogging, collaborative sites