© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 1 Ontological Engineering Bancos de dados, glossários, taxonomias.

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 1 Ontological Engineering Bancos de dados, glossários, taxonomias e tesauros para construir e enriquecer ontologias Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun@fi.upm.es)asun@fi.upm.es Credits to: Boris Villazón-Terrazas (bvillazon@fi.upm.es ) Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez@fi.upm.es ) Guadalupe Aguado (lupe@fi.upm.es) Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 2 Ontological Engineering Index  Motivation  Types of non ontological resources  From Knowledge resources to Ontologies  Patterns for Re-engineering Non-Ontological Resources  Example  Conclusion

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 3 Ontological Engineering Motivation Ontological Resource Re- engineering Non-Ontological Resource Re- engineering Ontological Resource Reuse Non-Ontological Resource Reuse Classical Merging Ontological Resources Reusing Ontology Design Patterns Restructuring Ontological Resources Localizing Ontological Resources …..

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 4 Ontological Engineering Motivation In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in the pharmaceutical domain, but we want to use several pharmaceutical standards in XML and classification schemes in our own format. Non Ontological Resource Reengineering Non Ontological Resource Reuse Classical

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 5 Ontological Engineering Motivation In our team, we want to build an ontology about the human resources management domain. The ontology should include information about occupations and activity sectors, data must be kept in the original DBs, and we want to have the ontology in several natural languages. Classical Re-engineering Non-ontological resources Ontological Resource Reuse Localizing Ontological Resources Ontology Mappings Ontology-DB mapping

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 6 Ontological Engineering Building ontologies in the 1990s and 2000s Methodologies for building single ontologies do not consider the reuse of knowledge Uschold and King’s method Grüninger and Fox’s methodology KACTUS approach METHONTOLOGY SENSUS method On-To-Knowledge DILIGENT Ontology learning approaches for building ontologies from structured, semi-structured and non-structured data Are not integrated with current methodologies Mainly from non-structured data using NLP techniques

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 7 Ontological Engineering Current situation in 2010 Reuse of knowledge-aware resources Ontologies are built collaboratively Ontologies are connected in ontology networks Ontology Development Process

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 8 Ontological Engineering 8 Knowledge Resources Non Ontological Resource Reuse Non Ontological Resource Reengineering 2 2 2 Non Ontological Resources Thesauri Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons Taxonomies Classification Schemas O. Localization 9 Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9 Ontological Resource Reengineering 4 4 4 O. Aligning O. Merging Alignments 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 3 Ontological Resource Reuse 3 Ontological Resources O. Repositories and Registries Flogic RDF(S) OWL Ontology Design Pattern Reuse 7 O. Design Patterns Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension, Specialization, Modularization) 8 O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Implementation O. Formalization 1 RDF(S) OWL Flogic Scheduling NeOn Methodology

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 9 Ontological Engineering NeOn Methodology http://www.neon-project.org/nw/NeOn_Book Process and activities covered:  Ontology Specification  Scheduling  Non-Ontological Resource Reuse  Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering  Reuse General Ontologies  Reuse Domain Ontologies  Reuse Ontology Statements  Reuse Ontology Design Patterns All processes and activities are described with:  A filling card  A workflow  Examples

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 11 Ontological Engineering Lexicon A lexicon is a list of words in a language (a vocabulary) along with some knowledge of how to use each word. – General or domain-specific; –Monolingual (Wordnet) or multilingual (Eurowordnet)

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 12 Ontological Engineering Lexicon data models Record-based data model Relation-based data model Patterns for Re-engineering Lexica

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 14 Ontological Engineering Thesauri Controlled vocabularies of terms in a particular domain Relations: hierarchical, associative and equivalence relations between terms. Thesauri are mainly used for indexing and retrieving of articles in large databases.

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 16 Ontological Engineering Classification schemes A classification scheme 1 is the descriptive information for an arrangement or division of objects into groups based on characteristics, which the objects have in common. E.g. water area classification scheme 2. 1. International Standard Organization (ISO). Information technology - Metadata registries – Part 1: Framework, 2004. Report ISO/IEC FDIS 11179-1. 2. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/RefServlet

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 17 Ontological Engineering Classification Scheme Data Models (I) Path Enumeration Data Model is defined as a model that stores for each node the path (as a string) from the root to the node. Water area 20000 Environmental area 20000.21000 Jurisdiction area 20000.24020 Fishing Statistical area 20000.22000 Inland/marine 20000.21000.21001 1 2 3 1 2 3 Adjacency List is a recursive structure for hierarchy representations that comprises a list of nodes with a linking column to their parent nodes. Water area 20000 Environmental area 21000 Jurisdiction area 24020 Fishing Statistical area 22000 Inland/marine 21001 Ocean 21002 North/South/ Equatorial 21003 FAO statistical area 22001 Areal grid system 22002 FAO statistical area 20000.22000.22001 Areal grid system 20000.22000.22002 Ocean 20000.21000.21002 North/South/ Equatorial 20000.21000.21003

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 18 Ontological Engineering Classification Scheme Data Models (II) Snowflake Data Model is a normalized structure for hierarchy representations. For each hierarchy level a entity is created. In this model each hierarchy node has a column linked to its parent node. Water area 20000 Environmental area 21000 Jurisdiction area 24020 Fishing Statistical area 22000 Inland/marine 21001 Ocean 21002 North/South/ Equatorial 21003 FAO statistical area 22001 Areal grid system 22002 Flattened Data Model, is a denormalized structure. The hierarchy is represented with an entity where each hierarchy level is stored on a different column. Water area 20000 Environmental area 20000.21000 Jurisdiction area 20000.24020 Fishing Statistical area 20000.22000 FAO statistical area 20000.22000.22001 Areal grid system 20000.22000.22002 Ocean 20000.21000.21002 North/South/ Equatorial 20000.21000.21003 Inland/marine 20000.21000.21001 First Second Third First Second Third

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 20 Ontological Engineering Catalog/ID Thessauri “narrower term” relation Formal is-a Frames (properties ) General Logical constraints Terms/ glossary Informal is-a Formal instance Value Restrs. Disjointness, Inverse, part-Of... Types of Knowledge-aware resources Lassila O, McGuiness D. The Role of Frame-Based Representation on the Semantic Web. Technical Report. Knowledge Systems Laboratory. Stanford University. KSL-01-02. 2001. Lightweight Ontologies Heavyweight Ontologies

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 21 Ontological Engineering Catalog/ID Thesaurus Glossary Informal is-a Catalog/ID Implicit knowledge coded in numbers XX-YY-ZZ 02-01-02 02: transportation 01: road 02: 3-lines highway Thesaurus

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 22 Ontological Engineering Formal is-a Frames (properties)General Logical constraints Formal instance Value Restrs. Disjointness, Inverse, part-Of... Formal is-a with properties (define-relation connects (?edge ?source ?target) "This relation links a source and a target by an edge. The source and destination are considered as spatial points. The relation has the following properties: symmetry and irreflexivity." :def (and (SpatialPoint ?source) (SpatialPoint ?target) (Edge ?edge)) :axiom-def ((=> (connects ?edge ?source ?target) (connects ?edge ?target ?source)) ;symmetry (=> (connects ?edge ?source ?target) (not (or (part-of ?source ?target) ;irreflexivity (part-of ?target ?source)))))) General Logical constraints (define-class AmericanAirlinesFlight (?X) :def (Flight ?X) :axiom-def (Disjoint-Decomposition AmericanAirlinesFlight (Setof AA7462 AA2010 AA0488))) (define-class Location (?X) :axiom-def (Partition Location (Setof EuropeanLocation NorthAmericanLocation SouthAmericanLocation AsianLocation AfricanLocation AustralianLocation AntarcticLocation))) Disjointness (define-class Travel (?travel) "A journey from place to place" :axiom-def (and (Superclass-Of Travel Flight) (Template-Facet-Value Cardinality arrivalDate Travel 1) (Template-Facet-Value Cardinality departureDate Travel 1) (Template-Facet-Value Maximum-Cardinality singleFare Travel 1)) :def (and (arrivalDate ?travel Date) (departureDate ?travel Date) (singleFare ?travel Number) (companyName ?travel String))) Value Restrs.

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 23 Ontological Engineering The problem Making explicit the semantic of the relations between concepts Aproaches in the transformation

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 24 Ontological Engineering The problem: Discovering the relation IDName 10Vehicle 10.01Car 10.02Motorcycle 10.03Bicycle 10.01Vehicle 10.01.01Wheel 10.01.02Seat 10.01.03Door

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 25 Ontological Engineering Semantics of the Relations among the entities TBox transformation: patterns must disambiguate the semantics of the relations among the NOR entities. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 4. a. 4. b. subclassisPartOf

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 28 Ontological Engineering Motivation I want to transform my adjacency list-based classification into an ontology

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 29 Ontological Engineering Types of non-ontological resources Non-Ontological Resources are knowledge-aware resources whose semantics have not been formalized yet by means of an ontology

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 32 Ontological Engineering Re-engineering Model for NORs Ontology Forward Engineering Implementation Formalization Conceptua- lization Speci- fication Implementation Design Con- ceptual Transformation Patterns for Re-engineering Non-Ontological Resources (PR-NOR) Non-Ontological ResourceOntology Requirements NOR Reverse Engineering RDF(S)

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 33 Ontological Engineering Template for the PR-NOR INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS © A Method for Reusing and Re-engineering Non-Ontological Resources for Building Ontologies Boris Villazón-Terrazas Re-engineering NORs

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 34 Ontological Engineering Patterns for Re-engineering Classification Schemes into Ontologies –ABox transformation –TBox transformation

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 35 Ontological Engineering Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme, which follows the adjacency list data model, into an ontology schema Patterns for Re-engineering Classification Schemes INPUT: Non-Ontological Resource General Example OUTPUT: Ontology Generated General Example PROCESS: How to Re- engineer

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 36 Ontological Engineering PR-NOR library at the ODP Portal Technological support http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:ReengineeringODPs

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 38 Ontological Engineering o ES EURES ES (Int) g ES Lombard ES (It) q ES r ES p ES a ES c ES i ES n ES e ES h ES l ES f ES d ES m ES Wallonia ES (Be) b ES    Private ES (Int) Catalonia ES (Es) ES LEGENDA Employment Service Job Seeker’s Candidacy Employer Job Vacancy Looking for an European Employment

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 39 Ontological Engineering g ES Lombard ES (It) q ES r ES p ES a ES c ES i ES n ES e ES h ES l ES o ES f ES d ES m ES b ES Requester ES Responding ES ES not involved Job Seeker’s Candidacy Employer Job Vacancy LEGENDA The Goal: Helping Job Seekers on their way EuropeanEmploymentMediatorsMarketplace Local Matching algorithm EURES ES (Int) Local Matching algorithm Private ES (Int) Local Matching algorithm Wallonia ES (Be) Local Matching algorithm Catalonia ES (Es)

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 40 Ontological Engineering Ms Centralized network of ontologies 1. Build a reference ontology Federated network of ontologies 1.Build a reference ontology for the domain 2.Build local ontologies 3.Build mappings between the core and local ontologies 4.Build mappings between the local ontologies and the data sources Ms 2. Build mappings between the reference ontology and the data sources

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 44 Ontological Engineering Searching Resources Use the terminology from the ORSD Find resources covering the terminology Knowledge Resources Ontological Resources O. Design Patterns 2 Non Ontological Resources Thesauri Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons Taxonomies Classification Schemas O. Repositories and Registries Flogic RDF(S) OWL Where: - Internet - Standardization bodies (ISO,…) - Intranet of the organization - Ontology Registries

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 45 Ontological Engineering Search and Select non-ontological resources We select the most appropriate standards and taxonomies for: –Occupation Classification ISCO-88 (COM), SOC, ISCO-88, ONET, Eures Taxonomy. –Classification of Economic Activities ISIC Rev. 3.1, NACE Rev. 1.1, NAICS –Apprenticeship classifications ISCED 97, FOET –Currency Classification ISO 4217 –Geography Classification ISO 3166, Eures Taxonomy Language Classification ISO 6392, CEF Driving License Classification European Legislation Skill Classification Eures Taxonomy Contract Types Classification LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification Work Condition Classification LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification Is the terminology included in the Ontology Requirements Specification Document covered by the resources?

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 48 Ontological Engineering Searching Ontologies in Watson Ontology Requirement Specification Document The NeOn methodology includes guideliness for reusing statements

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 52 Ontological Engineering Pattern based approach for re-engineering non ontological resources ISCO-88 (COM) International Standard Classification of Occupations (for European Union purposes) FOET Classification of fields of education and training NACE Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community ISTAT Italian Geography Standard Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme modelled with a Path Enumeration Data Model Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme modelled with an Adjacency List Data Model ItalianGeographyOntology EconomicActivityOntology EducationOntology OccupationOntology ISO 3166 English country names and code elements Pattern for re-engineering a classification scheme modelled with a Snowflake Data Model GeographyOntology

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 53 Ontological Engineering ISO 3166-1 (XML) Regions Table (Eures Oracle DB) …. SPAIN ES … Location CountryRegion subClass-Of has region SpainCataluña Canarias Galicia Andalucía Ontology model Ontology instances Excerpt of the Geography Ontology Knowledge Resource Re-engineering and Aggregation

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 55 Ontological Engineering Conceptualization: Modular approach for ontology construction Representation Ontology: WSML General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence Application Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer - + Reusability - + Usability

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 56 Ontological Engineering Reference Ontology Labour Regulatory Ontology Skill Ontology Language Ontology Occupation Ontology Geography Ontology Time Ontology Education Ontology Driving License Ontology Compensation Ontology Economic Activity Ontology Job Offer Ontology Job Seeker Ontology has work condition / is associated with has contract type / is associated with is located in / has salary / is associated with requires education / is associated with has activity sector / is associated with has nationality from / is nation of resides in / is residence of has salary / has contract type / is associated to has work condition / is associated to has location / is associated with has activity sector / is associated with has activity sector / is associated with has job category / is associated with has job category / Is associated with has education / is education of has mother tongue / is mother tongue of speaks / is spoken by has language proficiency / belongs to LE FOREM + BLL + EURES EURES ISO 6392 CEF ISCO-88 COM ONET EURES ISO 3166 EURES DAML Time Ontology FOET ISCED97 NACE Rev. 1.1 European Legislation ISO 4217 Ad hoc wrapper External Sources is associated with has job category / is associated to has date of birth / is date of birth of has begin date / is begin date of Competence Ontology subClass-Of requires competence / is associated with has competence / is competence of

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 57 Ontological Engineering Candidacy Offered Work Experience Objective ICT Objective Job Seeker Vacancy Organization Requested Work Experience ICT Vacancy Job Vacancy Competence Education Language Contract Type Compensation Work Condition Occupation Sector Location Country Computing Professionals has candidacy/ belongs to has objective / belongs to subClass-Of has job category is associated with subClass-Of has nationality from / is nation of resides in / is residence of has mother language / is mother tongue of speaks / is spoken by has competence / is competence of has education / is education of has work experience / belongs to has work condition / is associated to has contract type / is associated to has compensation / is associated to is associated with / has location has activity sector / is associated with has activity sector / is associated with has job category / is associated with has job category / is associated with has job vacancy/ belongs to has location / is location of has vacancy/ belongs to subClass-Of has job category / is associated with is associated with / requires work experience has activity sector / is associated with has job category/ is associated with requires education / is associated with requires competence / is associated with has work condition / is associated with has contract type / is associated with has compensation / is associated with is located in / is associated with has job category/ is associated with has activity sector / is associated with Job Offer Ontology Job Seeker Ontology OccupationOntology LanguageOntology EducationOntology CompetenceOntology LabourRegulatoryOntology CompensationOntology GeographyOntology EconomicActivityOntology Details of the ontology

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 58 Ontological Engineering Conclusions 1.The NeOn methodology facilitates the reuse and reengineering of non ontological resources into ontologies 2.The reuse of non-ontological resources that have been reached some degree of consensus in a community allows the development of ontologies easier and quicker 3.The use of external resources for disambiguating the semantics of the relations in the resource, the resultant ontology will have better quality degree.

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 59 Ontological Engineering NeOn Methodology Pointers  Scenarios for Building Ontology Networks  D5.3.1 and D5.4.2  NeOn Glossary of Processes and Activities  D5.3.1 and D5.3.2  Set of Ontology Network Life Cycle Models  D5.3.2  Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Requirements Specification  D5.4.1  Methodological Guidelines for Scheduling and gOntt plug-in  D5.3.2  Methodological Guidelines for Non-Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering  D5.4.1 and D2.2.2  Methodological Guidelines for Ontological Resource Reuse  D5.4.1  Methodological Guidelines for ODP Reuse  D5.4.1 and D5.4.2  Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Modularization  D5.4.2  Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Evaluation  D5.4.2  Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Evolution  D5.4.2  Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Localization  D5.4.2

© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 1 Ontological Engineering Bancos de dados, glossários, taxonomias.

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© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 1 Ontological Engineering Bancos de dados, glossários, taxonomias.

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Presentation on theme: "© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza 1 Ontological Engineering Bancos de dados, glossários, taxonomias."— Presentation transcript:

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