1. Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function Chapter 40 Jay Swan Cincinnati, Ohio

2. Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy –Biological form Physiology –Biological function Why do animals have such various appearances when they have such similar demands placed on them?

3. Physical constraints Water –Shapes of animals that are swimmers –Why streamlined? Size –Size of skeleton –Size of muscles –Relation to speed of organism

4. Exchange with the environment  Rate of exchange proportional to surface area  Amount of materials that must be exchanged is proportional to volume  Differences in unicellular vs. multicellular organisms  Interstitial fluid

5. Fig. 40-4 0.5 cm Nutrients Digestive system Lining of small intestine Mouth Food External environment Animal body CO 2 O2O2 Circulatory system Heart Respiratory system Cells Interstitial fluid Excretory system Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste) Kidney tubules 10 µm 50 µm Lung tissue

6. Hierarchical Organization  Cells

7. Hierarchical Organization  Cells  Tissues

8. Hierarchical Organization  Cells  Tissues  Organs

9. Hierarchical Organization  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ System  DigestiveCirculatory Respiratory  ImmuneExcretoryEndocrine  ReproductiveNervousSkeletal  MuscularIntegumentary

10. Hierarchical Organization  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ System  DigestiveCirculatory Respiratory  ImmuneExcretoryEndocrine  ReproductiveNervousSkeletal  MuscularIntegumentary  Organism

11. Epithelial Tissue  Sheets of tightly packed cells  Cells joined tightly together with little material between them  Functions  Protection  Absorption or secretion of chemicals  Lining of organs  Free surface  Exposed to air or fluid  Basement membrane  Extracellular matrix that cells at base of barrier are attached

12. Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium

13. Connective Tissue Cells spread out scattered through extracellular matrix –Substances secreted by connective tissue cells –Web of fibers embedded in foundation Structure –Protein Function –Bind and support other cells Fibroblasts –Secrete protein of extracellular fibers Macrophages –Engulf bacteria & dead cells –Defense

14. Connective Tissue Fig. 40-5c Connective Tissue Collagenous fiber Loose connective tissue Elastic fiber 120 µm Cartilage Chondrocytes 100 µm Chondroitin sulfate Adipose tissue Fat droplets 150 µm White blood cells 55 µm Plasma Red blood cells Blood Nuclei Fibrous connective tissue 30 µm Osteon Bone Central canal 700 µm

15. Muscle Tissue  Contract when stimulated  Contractile proteins  Actin & myosin  Skeletal muscle  Voluntary muscle  Striated  Cardiac muscle  Heart  Striated, intercalated discs  Involuntary  Smooth muscle  No striations  Lines walls of organs  Involuntary

16. Fig. 40-5j Muscle Tissue 50 µm Skeletal muscle Multiple nuclei Muscle fiber Sarcomere 100 µm Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Nucleus Muscle fibers 25 µm Nucleus Intercalated disk

17. Nervous Tissue  Receives stimulus and transmits signals  Glial cells  Nourish, insulate, replenish neurons  Neuron  Nerve cell  Cell body with 2 or more extensions  Axons  Transmit signals  Dendrites  Receive signals

18. Fig. 40-5n Glial cells Nervous Tissue 15 µm Dendrites Cell body Axon Neuron Axons Blood vessel 40 µm

19. Coordination and Control in Animals Endocrine System –Signaling molecules in bloodstream –Coordinates gradual changes Growth, development, reproduction, digestion –Hormones Only picked up by cells with the correct receptors Slow acting but long lasting

20. Coordination and Control in Animals Endocrine System –Signaling molecules in bloodstream –Coordinates gradual changes Growth, development, reproduction, digestion –Hormones Only picked up by cells with the correct receptors Slow acting but long lasting Nervous System –Impulse travels along target cell only –Transmission is very fast and short lasting –Immediate response Locomotion, behavior

21. Homeostasis Negative feedback –Change in environment triggers control mechanism to turn off stimulus –Prevent small changes to become big problems –Most body processes Sweating

22. Homeostasis Negative feedback –Change in environment triggers control mechanism to turn off stimulus –Prevent small changes to become big problems –Most body processes Sweating Positive feedback –Change in environment triggers control mechanism to increase stimulus –Childbirth

23. Fig. 40-UN1 Homeostasis Stimulus: Perturbation/stress Response/effector Control center Sensor/receptor

24. Thermoregulation Five general adaptations help animals thermoregulate: –Insulation –Circulatory adaptations –Cooling by evaporative heat loss –Behavioral responses –Adjusting metabolic heat production

25. Fig. 40-12 Canada gooseBottlenose dolphin Artery Vein Blood flow 33º35ºC 27º 30º 18º 20º 10º9º

26. Metabolic Rate  Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time  Measured in calories or Joules  Calculated – heat loss, O 2 consumed, CO 2 produced, food consumption

27. Metabolic Rate  Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time  Measured in calories or Joules  Calculated – heat loss, O 2 consumed, CO 2 produced, food consumption  Endothermic  Warm-blooded  Heat generated by metabolism  Requires lots of energy

28. Metabolic Rate  Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time  Measured in calories or Joules  Calculated – heat loss, O 2 consumed, CO 2 produced, food consumption  Endothermic  Warm-blooded  Heat generated by metabolism  Requires lots of energy  Exothermic  Cold-blooded  Requires less energy  Incapable of intense activity for long period of time

29. Fig. 40-17 Organic molecules in food External environment Animal body Digestion and absorption Nutrient molecules in body cells Carbon skeletons Cellular respiration ATP Heat Energy lost in feces Energy lost in nitrogenous waste Heat Biosynthesis Heat Cellular work

30. Fig. 40-20 Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr) 60-kg female human from temperate climate 800,000 Basal (standard) metabolism Reproduction Thermoregulation Growth Activity 340,000 4-kg male Adélie penguin from Antarctica (brooding) 4,000 0.025-kg female deer mouse from temperate North America 8,000 4-kg female eastern indigo snake Endotherms Ectotherm

31. Metabolic rate (cont)  Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to body size  Basal metabolic rate  Metabolic rate of nongrowing endotherm at rest, empty stomach, no stress  Human average = 1600 – 1800 kCal per day for males; 1300-1500 kCal per day for females  Standard metabolic rate  Metabolic rate of resting, fasting, non-stressed ectotherm  Alligator = 60 kCal per day

32. Metabolic Rate (cont) Maximum metabolic rate = peak activity times Maximum rate = inversely proportional to duration of activity Sustained activity depends on ATP supply and respiration rate Age, sex, size, temperature, quality & quantity of food, activity level, oxygen availability, hormonal balance, time of day all affect metabolic rate

33. Fig. 40-19 Elephant Horse Human Sheep Dog Cat Rat Ground squirrel Mouse Harvest mouse Shrew Body mass (kg) (log scale) BMR (L O 2 /hr) (Iog scale) 10 –3 10 –2 10 –1 10 1 1 10 2 10 3 (a) Relationship of BMR to body size Shrew Mouse Harvest mouse Sheep Rat Cat Dog Human Horse Elephant BMR (L O 2 /hr) (per kg) Ground squirrel Body mass (kg) (log scale) 10 –3 10 –2 10 –1 1 10 10 2 10 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 (b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size