1. 1 The NSDL: A Case Study in Interoperability William Y. Arms Cornell University

2. 2 The NSDL is a program of the National Science Foundation's Directorate for Education and Human Resources, Division of Undergraduate Education. The NSDL Core Integration is a collaboration between the University Center for Atmospheric Research (Dave Fulker), Columbia University (Kate Wittenberg) and Cornell University (Bill Arms). The ideas discussed in this talk do not represent the official views of the NSF or the Core Integration team. Acknowledgement and Disclaimer

3. 3 Research Funding: Europe and USA Europe Grant is awarded to carry out the research plan specified in proposal USA Grant is awarded to carry out research in the area described in the proposal, but is not expected to follow the precise plan.

4. 4 New Initiatives during a Grant ProgramActivityUniversity Gigabit testbedMosaicIllinois CSTRLycosCarnegie Mellon DLI-1Google PageRankStanford DLI-2Open Archives InitiativeCornell Examples of significant partial funding that was not envisaged in the proposal.

5. 5 NSF-funded Research Programs NSF Solicitation Proposals Research New ideas

6. 6 The NSDL Program NSF's objective Build a comprehensive digital library for all aspects of science education NSF's approach Solicitation encouraged wide diversity of proposals divided into general categories Best 60+ proposals funded -- more to follow Grants allow projects flexibility Result A splendid set of projects A challenge in interoperability!

7. 7 NSDL Collections Funded by the NSF (a) Focused collections

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11. 11 NSDL Collections Funded by the NSF (b) Aggregates and federations

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15. 15 NSDL Service Projects Funded by the NSF

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19. 19 NSDL Core Integration Team Funded by the NSF

20. 20 Responsibility without Authority Core Integration Budget $4-6 million Staff 25 - 30 Management Diffuse How can a small team, without direct management control, create a very large-scale digital library?

21. 21 All branches of science, all levels of education, very broadly defined: Five year targets 1,000,000 different users 10,000,000 digital objects 10,000 to 100,000 independent sites How Big might the NSDL be?

22. 22 Collections The NSDL program funds only a fraction of the relevant collections.

23. 23 Every Collection is Different

24. 24... to provide a coherent set of services across great diversity. The Core Integration Task...

25. 25 A Spectrum of Interoperability

26. 26 Approaches to interoperability The conventional approach  Wise people develop standards: protocols, formats, etc.  Everybody implements the standards.  This creates an integrated, distributed system. Unfortunately...  Standards are expensive to adopt.  Concepts are continually changing.  Systems are continually changing.  Different people have different ideas

27. 27 Interoperability is about agreements Technical agreements cover formats, protocols, security systems so that messages can be exchanged, etc. Content agreements cover the data and metadata, and include semantic agreements on the interpretation of the messages. Organizational agreements cover the ground rules for access, for changing collections and services, payment, authentication, etc. The challenge is to create incentives for independent digital libraries to adopt agreements

28. 28 Function versus cost of acceptance Function Cost of acceptance Many adopters Few adopters

29. 29 Example: textual mark-up Function Cost of acceptance SGML ASCII HTML XML

30. 30 Example: security Function Cost of acceptance Public key infrastructure IP address Login ID and password

31. 31 Levels of interoperability LevelAgreementsExample FederationStrict use of standardsAACR, MARC (syntax, semantic, Z 39.50 and business) HarvestingDigital libraries exposeOpen Archives metadata; simplemetadata harvesting protocol and registry GatheringDigital libraries do not Web crawlers cooperate; services mustand search engines seek out information

32. 32 Metadata Strategy Metadata is expensive The NSDL cannot afford to create it manually

33. 33 Metadata Strategy Support eight standard formats Collect all existing metadata in these formats Provide crosswalks to Dublin Core Expose records in the metadata repository for others to harvest Concentrate on collection-level metadata Use automatic generation to augment item-level metadata

34. 34 Users Collections Metadata repository The Metadata Repository Services The metadata repository is a resource for service providers. It holds information about every collection and item known to the NSDL.

35. 35 Services Strategy

36. 36 The Metadata Repository as a Resource Records are exposed through Open Archives Initiative harvesting protocol. Core Integration team will provide some services based on the metadata repository. The architecture encourages others to build services.

37. 37 Example: Search Service Portal Search and Discovery Services Collections SDLIP OAI http Metadata repository James Allan, Bruce Croft (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)

38. 38 Research Challenges: Extending the Architecture to Support Greater Riches  Federations with rich sets of agreements (e.g., MARC, Z39.50)  Rich object models (e.g., interactive, dynamic, continuous time)  Language tools (e.g, thesaurus, gazetteer)... and Lesser Riches  Web crawling  Automated quality control