Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Cells: The Living Units: Part D

Published byNoel Morton Modified over 9 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Cells: The Living Units: Part D"— Presentation transcript:

1 Cells: The Living Units: Part D
3 Cells: The Living Units: Part D

2 Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
Cell Cycle Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces Includes: Interphase Cell division (mitotic phase)

3 Period from cell formation to cell division
Interphase Period from cell formation to cell division Nuclear material called chromatin Four subphases: G1 (gap 1)—vigorous growth and metabolism G0—gap phase in cells that permanently cease dividing S (synthetic)—DNA replication G2 (gap 2)—preparation for division

4 S Growth and DNA synthesis
G1 checkpoint (restriction point) S Growth and DNA synthesis G2 Growth and final preparations for division G1 Growth M G2 checkpoint Figure 3.31

5 Centrosomes (each has 2 centrioles) Interphase Plasma membrane
Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Interphase Figure 3.33

6 DNA Replication DNA helices begin unwinding from the nucleosomes Helicase untwists the double helix and exposes complementary chains The Y-shaped site of replication is the replication fork Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand

7 DNA polymerase only works in one direction
DNA Replication DNA polymerase only works in one direction Continuous leading strand is synthesized Discontinuous lagging strand is synthesized in segments DNA ligase splices together short segments of discontinuous strand

8 DNA Replication End result: two DNA molecules formed from the original This process is called semiconservative replication

9 template for synthesis of new strand Free nucleotides DNA polymerase
Old strand acts as a template for synthesis of new strand Free nucleotides DNA polymerase Chromosome Leading strand Two new strands (leading and lagging) synthesized in opposite directions Lagging strand Old DNA Helicase unwinds the double helix and exposes the bases Replication fork Adenine Thymine Cytosine DNA polymerase Old (template) strand Guanine Figure 3.32

10 DNA Replication

11 Mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle
Cell Division Mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle Essential for body growth and tissue repair Does not occur in most mature cells of nervous tissue, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle

12 Includes two distinct events:
Cell Division Includes two distinct events: Mitosis—four stages of nuclear division: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis—division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow

13 S Growth and DNA synthesis
G1 checkpoint (restriction point) S Growth and DNA synthesis G2 Growth and final preparations for division G1 Growth M G2 checkpoint Figure 3.31

14 Cell Division

15 Prophase Chromosomes become visible, each with two chromatids joined at a centromere Centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles Mitotic spindles and asters form

16 Prophase Nuclear envelope fragments Kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochore of centromeres and draw them toward the equator of the cell Polar microtubules assist in forcing the poles apart

17 Early mitotic Early Prophase spindle Aster Chromosome Centromere
consisting of two sister chromatids Centromere Early Prophase Figure 3.33

18 Polar microtubule Spindle pole Late Prophase Fragments of nuclear
envelope Kinetochore Kinetochore microtubule Late Prophase Figure 3.33

19 Metaphase Centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the equator This plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate

20 Metaphase Spindle Metaphase plate Metaphase Figure 3.33

21 Anaphase Shortest phase Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously—each chromatid now becomes a chromosome Chromosomes (V shaped) are pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores Polar microtubules continue forcing the poles apart

22 Anaphase Daughter chromosomes Anaphase Figure 3.33

23 Telophase Begins when chromosome movement stops The two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass Nucleoli reappear Spindle disappears

24 Cytokinesis Begins during late anaphase Ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form a cleavage furrow Two daughter cells are pinched apart, each containing a nucleus identical to the original

25 Telophase and Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope forming Nucleolus forming Contractile ring at cleavage furrow Telophase and Cytokinesis Telophase Figure 3.33

26 Control of Cell Division
“Go” signals: Critical volume of cell when area of membrane is inadequate for exchange Chemicals (e.g., growth factors, hormones, cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks))

27 Control of Cell Division
“Stop” signals: Contact inhibition Growth-inhibiting factors produced by repressor genes

28 Protein Synthesis DNA is the master blueprint for protein synthesis Gene: Segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide Triplets of nucleotide bases form genetic library Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid

29 Nuclear envelope DNA Transcription RNA Processing Pre-mRNA mRNA
pores Ribosome Translation Polypeptide Figure 3.34

30 Roles of the Three Main Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm

31 Roles of the Three Main Types of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) A structural component of ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps translate message from mRNA

32 Roles of the Three Main Types of RNA
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) Bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis

33 Transcription Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA Transcription factor Loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed Binds to promoter, a DNA sequence specifying start site of gene to be transcribed Mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter

34 Transcription RNA polymerase Enzyme that oversees synthesis of mRNA
Unwinds DNA template Adds complementary RNA nucleotides on DNA template and joins them together Stops when it reaches termination signal mRNA pulls off the DNA template, is further processed by enzymes, and enters cytosol

35 Figure 3.35 1 2 3 RNA polymerase Coding strand DNA Promoter region
Template strand Termination signal 1 Initiation: With the help of transcription factors, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, pries apart the two DNA strands, and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand. Template strand mRNA Coding strand of DNA Rewinding of DNA Unwinding of DNA Elongation: As the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, elongating the mRNA transcript one base at a time, it unwinds the DNA double helix before it and rewinds the double helix behind it. 2 RNA nucleotides Direction of transcription mRNA transcript Template strand DNA-RNA hybrid region mRNA RNA polymerase 3 Termination: mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached. RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA transcript are released. The DNA-RNA hybrid: At any given moment, 16–18 base pairs of DNA are unwound and the most recently made RNA is still bound to DNA. This small region is called the DNA-RNA hybrid. Completed mRNA transcript RNA polymerase Figure 3.35

36 1 RNA polymerase Coding strand DNA Promoter region Template strand
Termination signal 1 Initiation: With the help of transcription factors, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, pries apart the two DNA strands, and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand. Figure 3.35 step 1

37 Template strand mRNA 2 Elongation: As the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, elongating the mRNA transcript one base at a time, it unwinds the DNA double helix before it and rewinds the double helix behind it. mRNA transcript Figure 3.35 step 2

38 Termination: mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached. RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA transcript are released. 3 RNA polymerase Completed mRNA transcript Figure 3.35 step 3

39 Direction of transcription
Coding strand of DNA Rewinding of DNA Unwinding of DNA RNA nucleotides Direction of transcription Template strand DNA-RNA hybrid region mRNA RNA polymerase The DNA-RNA hybrid: At any given moment, 16–18 base pairs of DNA are unwound and the most recently made RNA is still bound to DNA. This small region is called the DNA-RNA hybrid. Figure 3.35 step 4

40 Figure 3.35 1 2 3 RNA polymerase Coding strand DNA Promoter region
Template strand Termination signal 1 Initiation: With the help of transcription factors, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, pries apart the two DNA strands, and initiates mRNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand. Template strand mRNA Coding strand of DNA Rewinding of DNA Unwinding of DNA Elongation: As the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, elongating the mRNA transcript one base at a time, it unwinds the DNA double helix before it and rewinds the double helix behind it. 2 RNA nucleotides Direction of transcription mRNA transcript Template strand DNA-RNA hybrid region mRNA RNA polymerase 3 Termination: mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached. RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA transcript are released. The DNA-RNA hybrid: At any given moment, 16–18 base pairs of DNA are unwound and the most recently made RNA is still bound to DNA. This small region is called the DNA-RNA hybrid. Completed mRNA transcript RNA polymerase Figure 3.35

41 Translation Converts base sequence of nucleic acids into the amino acid sequence of proteins Involves mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs

42 Each three-base sequence on DNA is represented by a codon
Genetic Code Each three-base sequence on DNA is represented by a codon Codon—complementary three-base sequence on mRNA

43 SECOND BASE U C A G UUU UCU UAU UGU U Phe Tyr Cys UUC UCC UAC UGC C U
Ser UUA UCA UAA Stop UGA Stop A Leu UUG UCG UAG Stop UGG Trp G CUU CCU CAU CGU U His CUC CCC CAC CGC C C Leu Pro Arg CUA CCA CAA CGA A Gln CUG CCG CAG CGG G AUU ACU AAU AGU U Asn Ser AUC Ile ACC AAC AGC C A Thr AUA ACA AAA AGA A Met or Lys Arg AUG G Start ACG AAG AGG GUU GCU GAU GGU U Asp GUC GCC GAC GGC C G Val Ala Gly GUA GCA GAA GGA A Glu GUG GCG GAG GGG G Figure 3.36

44 Translation mRNA attaches to a small ribosomal subunit that moves along the mRNA to the start codon Large ribosomal unit attaches, forming a functional ribosome Anticodon of a tRNA binds to its complementary codon and adds its amino acid to the forming protein chain New amino acids are added by other tRNAs as ribosome moves along rRNA, until stop codon is reached

45 Figure 3.37 Nucleus RNA polymerase Energized by ATP, the correct amino
acid is attached to each species of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. mRNA Leu Template strand of DNA Amino acid After mRNA synthesis in the nucleus, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. 1 Nuclear pore tRNA Nuclear membrane G A A Translation begins as incoming aminoacyl-tRNA recognizes the complementary codon calling for it at the A site on the ribosome. It hydrogen-bonds to the codon via its anticodon. 2 Released mRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Leu As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, and each codon is read in sequence, a new amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site. 3 Ile G tRNA “head” bearing anticodon A A Pro Once its amino acid is released from the P site, tRNA is ratcheted to the E site and then released to reenter the cytoplasmic pool, ready to be recharged with a new amino acid. The polypeptide is released when the stop codon is read. 4 U A U P site E site A site Large ribosomal subunit G G C A U A C C G C U U Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Figure 3.37

46 Energized by ATP, the correct amino acid is attached to each
species of tRNA by aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase enzyme. Nucleus RNA polymerase mRNA Template strand of DNA Leu Amino acid After mRNA synthesis in the nucleus, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. 1 Nuclear pore tRNA Nuclear membrane G A A Released mRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Figure 3.37 step 1

47 tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Large ribosomal subunit Small ribosomal
Leu Translation begins as incoming aminoacyl-tRNA recognizes the complementary codon calling for it at the A site on the ribosome. It hydrogen-bonds to the codon via its anticodon. 2 tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Ile G A A Pro U A U P site Large ribosomal subunit E site A site G G C A U A C C G C U U Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Figure 3.37 step 2

48 3 tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Large ribosomal subunit Small
Leu As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, and each codon is read in sequence, a new amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site. 3 Translation begins as incoming aminoacyl-tRNA recognizes the complementary codon calling for it at the A site on the ribosome. It hydrogen-bonds to the codon via its anticodon. 2 tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Ile G A A Pro U A U P site Large ribosomal subunit E site A site G G C A U A C C G C U U Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Figure 3.37 step 3

49 3 tRNA “head” bearing anticodon 4 Large ribosomal subunit Small
Leu As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, and each codon is read in sequence, a new amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site. 3 Translation begins as incoming aminoacyl-tRNA recognizes the complementary codon calling for it at the A site on the ribosome. It hydrogen-bonds to the codon via its anticodon. 2 tRNA “head” bearing anticodon Ile G A A Pro Once its amino acid is released from the P site, tRNA is ratcheted to the E site and then released to reenter the cytoplasmic pool, ready to be recharged with a new amino acid. The polypeptide is released when the stop codon is read. 4 U A U P site Large ribosomal subunit E site A site G G C A U A C C G C U U Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Figure 3.37 step 4

50 Figure 3.37 Nucleus RNA polymerase Energized by ATP, the correct amino
acid is attached to each species of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme. mRNA Leu Template strand of DNA Amino acid After mRNA synthesis in the nucleus, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. 1 Nuclear pore tRNA Nuclear membrane G A A Translation begins as incoming aminoacyl-tRNA recognizes the complementary codon calling for it at the A site on the ribosome. It hydrogen-bonds to the codon via its anticodon. 2 Released mRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Leu As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, and each codon is read in sequence, a new amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site. 3 Ile G tRNA “head” bearing anticodon A A Pro Once its amino acid is released from the P site, tRNA is ratcheted to the E site and then released to reenter the cytoplasmic pool, ready to be recharged with a new amino acid. The polypeptide is released when the stop codon is read. 4 U A U P site E site A site Large ribosomal subunit G G C A U A C C G C U U Small ribosomal subunit Codon 15 Codon 16 Codon 17 Direction of ribosome advance Portion of mRNA already translated Figure 3.37

51 Role of Rough ER in Protein Synthesis
mRNA–ribosome complex is directed to rough ER by a signal-recognition particle (SRP) Forming protein enters the ER Sugar groups may be added to the protein, and its shape may be altered Protein is enclosed in a vesicle for transport to Golgi apparatus

52 The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP
The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP. There the SRP binds to a receptor site. 1 2 Once attached to the ER, the SRP is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna. ER signal sequence 3 The signal sequence is clipped off by an enzyme. As protein synthesis continues, sugar groups may be added to the protein. Ribosome mRNA 4 In this example, the completed protein is released from the ribosome and folds into its 3-D conformation, a process aided by molecular chaperones. Signal recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence removed Receptor site The protein is enclosed within a protein (coatomer)-coated transport vesicle. The transport vesicles make their way to the Golgi apparatus, where further processing of the proteins occurs (see Figure 3.19). 5 Growing polypeptide Sugar group Released protein Rough ER cisterna Coatomer-coated transport vesicle Transport vesicle pinching off Cytoplasm Figure 3.39

53 1 The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP. There the SRP binds to a receptor site. ER signal sequence Ribosome mRNA Signal recognition particle (SRP) Receptor site Rough ER cisterna Cytoplasm Figure 3.39 step 1

54 1 The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP. There the SRP binds to a receptor site. 2 Once attached to the ER, the SRP is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna. ER signal sequence Ribosome mRNA Signal recognition particle (SRP) Receptor site Growing polypeptide Rough ER cisterna Cytoplasm Figure 3.39 step 2

55 1 The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP. There the SRP binds to a receptor site. 2 Once attached to the ER, the SRP is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna. ER signal sequence 3 The signal sequence is clipped off by an enzyme. As protein synthesis continues, sugar groups may be added to the protein. Ribosome mRNA Signal recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence removed Receptor site Growing polypeptide Sugar group Rough ER cisterna Cytoplasm Figure 3.39 step 3

56 1 The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP. There the SRP binds to a receptor site. 2 Once attached to the ER, the SRP is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna. ER signal sequence 3 The signal sequence is clipped off by an enzyme. As protein synthesis continues, sugar groups may be added to the protein. Ribosome mRNA In this example, the completed protein is released from the ribosome and folds into its 3-D conformation, a process aided by molecular chaperones. 4 Signal recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence removed Receptor site Growing polypeptide Sugar group Released protein Rough ER cisterna Cytoplasm Figure 3.39 step 4

57 The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP
The mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the rough ER by the SRP. There the SRP binds to a receptor site. 1 2 Once attached to the ER, the SRP is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna. ER signal sequence 3 The signal sequence is clipped off by an enzyme. As protein synthesis continues, sugar groups may be added to the protein. Ribosome mRNA 4 In this example, the completed protein is released from the ribosome and folds into its 3-D conformation, a process aided by molecular chaperones. Signal recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence removed Receptor site The protein is enclosed within a protein (coatomer)-coated transport vesicle. The transport vesicles make their way to the Golgi apparatus, where further processing of the proteins occurs (see Figure 3.19). 5 Growing polypeptide Sugar group Released protein Rough ER cisterna Coatomer-coated transport vesicle Transport vesicle pinching off Cytoplasm Figure 3.39 step 5

58 Other Roles of DNA Intron (“junk”) regions of DNA code for other types of RNA: Antisense RNA Prevents protein-coding RNA from being translated MicroRNA Small RNAs that interfere with mRNAs made by certain exons Riboswitches Folded RNAs that act as switches regulating protein synthesis in response to environmental conditions

59 Cytosolic Protein Degradation
Nonfunctional organelle proteins are degraded by lysosomes Ubiquitin tags damaged or unneeded soluble proteins in cytosol; they are digested by enzymes of proteasomes

60 Extracellular Materials
Body fluids (interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid) Cellular secretions (intestinal and gastric fluids, saliva, mucus, and serous fluids) Extracellular matrix (abundant jellylike mesh containing proteins and polysaccharides in contact with cells)

61 Developmental Aspects of Cells
All cells of the body contain the same DNA but are not identical Chemical signals in the embryo channel cells into specific developmental pathways by turning some genes off Development of specific and distinctive features in cells is called cell differentiation Elimination of excess, injured, or aged cells occurs through programmed rapid cell death (apoptosis) followed by phagocytosis

62 Theories of Cell Aging Wear and tear theory: Little chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects Immune system disorders: Autoimmune responses and progressive weakening of the immune response Genetic theory: Cessation of mitosis and cell aging are programmed into genes. Telomeres (strings of nucleotides on the ends of chromosomes) may determine the number of times a cell can divide.

Download ppt "Cells: The Living Units: Part D"

Similar presentations

Nucleus Control center of the cell –contains the “genetic library” encoded in the sequences of nucleotides in molecules of DNA code for the amino acid.

Nucleus Control center of the cell –contains the “genetic library” encoded in the sequences of nucleotides in molecules of DNA code for the amino acid.
Transcription & Translation Worksheet

Transcription & Translation Worksheet
Major Constituents of Cell

Major Constituents of Cell
Transcription and Translation

Transcription and Translation
Transcription and Translation

Transcription and Translation
Proteins are made by decoding the Information in DNA Proteins are not built directly from DNA.

Proteins are made by decoding the Information in DNA Proteins are not built directly from DNA.
CELLS: THE LIVING UNITS

CELLS: THE LIVING UNITS
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cells: The Living.

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cells: The Living.
How Proteins are Produced

How Proteins are Produced
Sec 5.1 / 5.2. One Gene – One Polypeptide Hypothesis early 20 th century – Archibald Garrod physician that noticed that some metabolic errors were found.

Sec 5.1 / 5.2. One Gene – One Polypeptide Hypothesis early 20 th century – Archibald Garrod physician that noticed that some metabolic errors were found.
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cells: The Living.

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cells: The Living.
Chapter 3 The Cell II.

Chapter 3 The Cell II.
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cells: The Living.

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Cells: The Living.
1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter.

1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter.
RNA Structure Like DNA, RNA is a nucleic acid. RNA is a nucleic acid made up of repeating nucleotides.

RNA Structure Like DNA, RNA is a nucleic acid. RNA is a nucleic acid made up of repeating nucleotides.
Mitochondria Double membrane structure with shelf- like cristae.

Mitochondria Double membrane structure with shelf- like cristae.
7. Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code a). Overview of translation i). Requirements for protein synthesis ii). messenger RNA iii). Ribosomes and polysomes.

7. Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code a). Overview of translation i). Requirements for protein synthesis ii). messenger RNA iii). Ribosomes and polysomes.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint.
Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google