1. TRMT 396 Lecture #3 Dan McDonald

2. Community-based tourism as growth ‘within’ context Control not just involvement Tourism as complimentary not substitutive Internal rather than external drivers ( or dual) Participatory stakeholders not just beneficiaries Long-term communal enterprise requires long-term commitment by all Notzke, 2006

3. 1. Totally owned and managed by community 2. Family or group initiatives in community 3. Joint venture with outside business partner Is there an implied hierarchy based upon ‘control’? Is do we assess solely on benefit? Wood (2002) in Notzke

4. Connecting to market an issue – rural/remote ↓ access to tools of tourism communication Unequal distribution of opportunity & benefits Vulnerability to external shocks, shifting trends Dependence on continued external funding with limited local capital source

5. Community Empowerment Community Economic Development Community Wellness Community Learning Colton & Whitney-Squire (2010) Community Stewardship

6. CE Community Ownership & Input Leadership & Governance Legal Foundations Relationships CED Community/family entrepreneurship Aboriginal owned/operated Income generation & economic diversity Investment in Culture/People Partnerships/strategic planning invest CW Physical & Social Benefits Organizational benefits Support for Traditional Culture Community Cohesion CL Renew/strengthen culture Aboriginal informed mgmt practices Build capacity (experience/skills) Cross-Cultural learning Value & role of Tourism CS Environmental Stewardship & Culturally Informed Management

7. Moving forward can’t be based on dependency History of colonization led to dislocation from community history and weakened its bond Revitalizing community often a process of remembering and re- membering Going forward depends on strengthening relationships within & without

8. Wholeness with Diversity Shared Culture based on known tradition Open Communication Respect & Trust Group maintenance & pride Participatory & Consensus based decision making Youth empowered Extensive positive social, political & economic relationships with other communities Alfred (2009)

9. Improved Livelihoods Local Economic Development Commercial Viability Collective Benefits (social projects, infrastructure) Social Capital & Empowerment (equity, decision making, local leadership, low impact) Sense of Place (pride, revitalization, heritage) Education Conservation & Environment (sustainable use, monitoring, protection) Tourism ( ↑ experience, awareness) Other (investment, sufficient time, replication) Goodwin & Santilli (2009)

10. “Growth is pro=poor if it enables poor people to realize the value of their asset base, which includes their culture” Assets/Capital include: Financial Human Natural Physical Social Goodwin, 2007

11. Direct employment Supplying goods & services Direct sales to tourists Often informal Tourism micro-enterprises Taxes/levies on tourism revenues Voluntary giving by tourists and/or enterprises $, goods, time, etc Investment in infrastructure Goodwin, 2007

12. “Sustaining economic development in Aboriginal communities requires a nation building approach rather than a jobs and income approach” (Colton & Harris, 2007) Links to the Harvard Project notion of the importance of sovereignty Ultimate measure of success

13. Quw’utsun Cultural & Conference Centre Nuyumbalees Cultural Centre U’Mista Cultural Centre Squamish Lil’wat Cultural Centre Nk’Mip Cultural Centre

14. Alfred, T. (2009). Peace, Power and Righteousness: An Indigenous Manifesto. 2 nd ed. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press.