1. Chapter 10
PLC Processors

2. Objectives Describe the function of the processor.
Describe processor operating modes.
Explain the function of the watchdog timer.

3. The PLC Processor
The processor is a digital computer that reads inputs, solves the ladder logic, and updates the output field devices.
Processors are available with differing capabilities within a specific PLC family.
Processors have different operating modes.

4. Processor Operating Cycle
Processor is designed to perform specific duties in a specific sequence.
This operating cycle is called the processor’s scan or sweep.
In run mode, the operating sequence is continuous.
Operating cycle consists of numerous steps.

5. Input Scan
During the input scan, the processor scans each input module for the ON or OFF states of each input point.
Input status information is stored in the input status file.

6. Program Scan (1 of 2)
Processor scans ladder program starting at rung zero at the left power rail, working left to right, evaluating one instruction at a time until the output instruction is reached.
The output instruction will be either true or false.

7. Program Scan (2 of 2)
A logical 1 or 0 will be placed in the output status table address referenced by the particular output instruction.
With a rung completed, the processor goes on to the next rung, sequentially until the last rung of the program has been executed.

8. Output Scan
The output scan is where the processor writes the ON or OFF status, one word at a time, to the associated output module.
Output module updates each field device’s status.

9. Service Communications
After all output modules have been updated, the processor services communications.
Updates hand-held or personal computer monitor screens
Sends communications to other devices on the network

10. Reset Watch-Dog Timer
Last part of scan is to reset the watch-dog timer.
Watch-dog timer ensures current scan is complete.
When watch-dog timer is reset, the scan starts over.

11. Serial Communications
The simplest method to communicate between a PLC processor and a computer is serial communications.
Connect proper serial cable between computer’s COM port and processor’s RS-232 communications port.
Not all processors have RS-232 communications port.

12. Selecting Proper RS-232 Interface Cable
Most serial communication problems between computer and PLC are due to incorrect cable.
Two types of serial cables
Straight-through cable
Null-modem cable

13. Straight-through Cabling Between Computer and Peripheral Equipment

14. Straight-through Serial Cable
In straight-through serial cable, all wires go through the cable without crossing.
Wires are identified as pin numbers.
Pin 2 goes straight through to pin 2.
Pin 3 goes straight through to pin 3.
Used when there is an intermediate communication device between two computers.

15. Directly Connecting Computers with a Straight-through Cable
Both computers sending information out on pin 2
Computers expecting information on pin 3
Communication will not be successful.

16. Connecting Two Computers with a Straight-through Cable

17. Null-modem Cable Wired so Pin 2 Crosses to Pin 3
Pin 2 physically crosses to pin 3 in the cable.
Information sent from the computer crosses from pin 2 to pin 3 so it can be received by other computer device.
Communication is successful.

18. Null-Modem Cable Crosses Pin 2 to Pin 3

19. PLC Processors Have Multiple Operating Modes
Processor has two modes of operation.
Program mode
Some variation of run mode

20. Program Mode
In program mode, the processor is accepting new instructions, either as a new program or as changes (edits) to an existing program.

21. Run Mode
When the creating or editing of a program is complete, the processor is put into run mode to run or execute the program.
In run mode, the processor executes the operating cycle called the scan or sweep.

22. Remote Run Mode
Some processors have key switches on the processor module to change operating modes.
Changing the operating mode to run or program using a key switch is called local mode.
Changing operating mode from a personal or industrial computer through a communications cable is remote mode.

23. Remote Program Mode
If the processor is put into program mode from a remote programming device, this is called remote program mode.
The remote computer device can perform any programming operations remotely.
When completed, the processor can be returned to remote run mode to execute PLC program.

24. Test Mode
Test mode is used to test a program during installation, maintenance, or troubleshooting.
Test mode reads inputs and solves ladder program, but does not allow field devices to be energized.

25. Processor Communications
The physical connection between a processor and the outside world is called a communication port.

26. SLC 500 Processor Communication Capabilities (1 of 2)
MicroLogix 1000
DH-485 and Ethernet
5/01 processor
DH-485
5/02 processor

27. SLC 500 Processor Communication Capabilities (2 of 2)
Serial and DH-485
5/04 processor
Serial and DH Plus
5/05 processor
Serial and Ethernet

28. SLC 5/03 and 5/04 Communication Ports
Image courtesy of Allen-Bradley, a Rockwell Automation business

29. Processor Capabilities
A processor’s capabilities are determined by
Memory size
Instruction set
I/O supported
Communication ports

30. SLC 5/01 Processor Specifications
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31. SLC 5/02 Processor Specifications
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32. SLC 5/02 Processor
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33. SLC 5/03 Processor
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34. SLC 5/04 Specifications
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35. SLC 5/04 Processor
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36. SLC 5/05 Processor Specifications
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37. SLC 5/05 Modular Processor
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38. General Electric Series 90-30
Series processors come in two configurations.
Processor embedded in baseplate
Modular processor

39. Model CPU 311 and Model CPU 313
Image courtesy of GE Fanuc Automation

40. GE Series 90-30 Embedded Processors
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41. Five-slot Modular CPU Baseplate
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42. Modular CPU 351and CPU 363
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43. Series 90-30 Ten-Slot Modular CPU Baseplate
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