1. Opening Assignment What does the term ecological footprint mean? Today we will finish our “Campaign for Change” poster contest and then start watching the documentary “Human Footprinting” by National Geographic. http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/human_footprint Tomorrow you will present your project and then we will finish the documentary.

2. Opening Assignment Get your project ready to present.

3. Opening Assignment Opening Assignment – How did watching the documentary “Human Footprinting” change how you feel about the way that you use resources?

4. Opening Assignment 1. Differentiate between a renewable and nonrenewable or limited resource. 2. How much of the water on Earth do you think is considered to be fresh water? 3. Of that percentage of fresh water how much do you think is found in icebergs and glaciers?

5. By Mrs. Shaw

6. Unit 3: Part 1 Water Resources Learning Goals for Part 1: Students will be able to Differentiate between a renewable and nonrenewable resource. Describe how fresh water is stored on Earth Explain how humans impact the availability of fresh water. Design and create a system to filter water.

7. What are natural resources? Natural resources are materials and energy sources found in nature. Many of them are limited.

8. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Renewable: a resource that is replenished or renewed over short periods of time. Examples: sunlight, wind energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, Non-renewable: a resource that is formed much more slowly than it is used. Examples: crude oil, natural gas, coal, copper, aluminum and other metals.

9. Renewable resources at risk! Some renewable resources are at risk of being depleted because our human population and resource consumption over the past several hundred years has increased dramatically. These resources that are at risk of being converted to nonrenewable are fresh water, forest products, agricultural products, and soil.

10. What is Sustainability? Sustainability is the process of using these “at risk” resources at a rate that allows them time to renew. Sustainability ensures that these resources will be available for future generations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5NiTN0chj0

11. How to increase our sustainability factor. Care instructions for a sustainable planet 1. Reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and heavy metals. 2. Reduce our dependence on synthetic chemicals. 3. Reduce our destruction of nature 4. Ensure we are not limiting other people globally from meeting their needs.

12. The Water Resources of Earth Over 70% of our Earth's surface is covered by water ( we should really call our planet "Ocean" instead of "Earth"). Although water is seemingly abundant, the real issue is the amount of fresh water available. 97.5% of all water on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5% as fresh water Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland; most of the remainder is present as soil moisture, or lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater not accessible to human use. < 1% of the world's fresh water (~0.007% of all water on earth) is accessible for direct human uses. This is the water found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and those underground sources that are shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable cost. Only this amount is regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefore available on a sustainable basis.

13. Opening Assignment Look at the “Water Stress” map above. Infer why you think these specific areas are stressed with water resources (limited)

14. Water Availability and Stress Water is not evenly distributed throughout various biomes. When people choose to live in locations where water is limited or populations are high, it puts more of a strain on our limited water resources.

15. Assignment Finish the Environmental Science Textbook questions that you started yesterday. If you complete these, please turn them in to be graded. These are due tomorrow.

16. Opening Assignment What are the two places that water is stored on Earth? Explain how much of the water on Earth is available for human consumption.

17. Chapter 20 Section 1 Review Uses for Water The average person uses 300L of water daily. They use it primarily for personal hygiene and home cleaning. Household activities that use the most water are washing clothes, washing dishes, bathing, and showering.

18. Residential and Industrial Water Use Residentially, people use the most water gardening, landscaping, washing vehicles, and filling up pools. Most of our fresh water available is used for agriculture. (47%). In industry, water is used to transport and dispose of wastes, as a power source (hydropower), and as a coolant.

19. Effects of water on Ecosystems Human needs for water alter or destroy the habitats of other living things. The building of dams, draining of swamps, changing of stream courses, or removal of water from natural sources can all adversely affect wildlife.

20. On Earth, water is classified and stored in two areas, surface water and groundwater. Surface water is water that is stored above grounds in lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds. Sources of surface water are rainfall and the water from melting snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. When this water travels down a slope of land it is called runoff. Chapter 20 Section 2 Review Water Resources

21. Surface Water from the ground Surface water can also come from underground aquifers. If a stream channel intersects the aquifer, the water in the aquifer can flow into the stream channel. Water in aquifers can also cross geological faults and flow to the surface as springs. Water in the Colorado River comes from the melting of ice on the Rocky Mountains. It also supplies water to the Rio Grande which brings water to Texas and Mexico.

22. Groundwater The water that does not flow as runoff seeps into the spaces between soil particles and into the porous layer of bedrock below. This water is called groundwater. Over long periods of time this groundwater saturates the bedrock. The top layer of saturated rocks is called the water table.

23. The zone of aeration is where water enters an aquifer. The zone of saturation is the area of saturated rocks below the water table. The zone of discharge is where water from an aquifer leaves and becomes part of the surface water in a stream, or pond.

24. Water Resource Problems When a body of water is drained faster than it is filled, the effect is called overdraft. If overdraft occurs, salt water can intrude into the freshwater aquifer, making the water unpotable.

25. Countries or continents with unsafe water include South America, Mexico, China, and parts of Africa Chapter 20 Section 3 Review Water Treatment Percentage of population with access to safe water by country

26. Removing Salts Some organisms have adaptations that allow them to survive in a high salinity environment like ocean water. Penguins are one of these organisms. Penguins have special glands that remove salts from their bloodstream. The supraorbital gland is a type of lateral nasal gland found in some species of marine birds, particularly penguins, which removes sodium chloride from the bloodstream. The gland's function is similar to that of the kidneys, though it is much more efficient at removing salt, allowing Penguins to survive without access to fresh water. Contrary to popular belief, the gland does not directly convert saltwater to freshwater

27. Desalination The process by which salts are removed from water is called desalination. The three most common methods of desalination are Distillation Reverse osmosis Freezing

28. Distillation In distillation, salt water is heated to boiling. Water is evaporated but the salt remains. The water vapor is cooled and liquid fresh water is collected.

29. Reverse Osmosis In reverse osmosis, salt water is forced through a strainer that traps the salt and lets the fresh water pass. The strainer is made of tiny pores that are large enough for water to pass but too small for salt.

30. Freezing In the freezing method, salt water is frozen. As it freezes it separates, forming ice and a brine slush. The ice is free of almost all salts and can be melted to obtain fresh water.

31. Water Purification The goal of water purification is to remove harmful chemicals and microorganisms that make water undrinkable. Water purification involves several processes; sedimentation, filtration, aeration, and sterilization.

32. Sedimentation and Filtration The first part of water purification uses screens to remove the large items in the water. The water is then placed in a settling tank where the particles in the water are given time and allowed to settle at the bottom. Water drained from the sedimentation tank is then sent through 1 meter of fine sand to filter out many of the particles that were not removed through sedimentation.

33. Aeration and Sterilization After the filtration it is time to treat the water for taste, odor, and bacteria using aeration and sterilization. Aeration involves spraying water into the air which allows bacteria that help purify it to enter along with oxygen which is a powerful purifying agent. Sterilization includes using heat or chemicals to kill any remaining bacteria or microorganisms.

34. Chemicals for Sterilization The two most common chemical used for sterilization include chlorine and ozone. Ozone is a better purifying agent but it is more expensive and difficult to use so chlorine is used more commonly.

35. Videos Water Purification Process https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuYB8nMFxQA Desalination https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XMRlFMJB-g