2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Chapter 2 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

3. Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Special education teachers Early childhood special educators Speech/language pathologist School psychologist School counselor School social worker School nurse Can you think of anyone else?

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education General education teacher Nutritionist Parent counselor Para educators Physical or occupational therapist

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education “Evaluation [assessment] is the gateway to special education, but referral charts the course to the evaluation process.” Turnbull, et al. 2006 Team of professionals Helps general education teacher to problem solve Team generates new ideas and may gather more data Process may be called prereferral.

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Response to Intervention (RTI) Alternative systems based on student’s lack of response to instructional intervention Ensures research based interventions are used as soon as child’s academic difficulties are identified Ensures that professionals gather data on effectiveness of new remedial strategies used to address child’s needs These data may be used as “continuous progress monitoring.”

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Referral The first step in a long journey A written request to evaluate a student to determine whether or not the child has a disability and is eligible for a special education Only about 75% of referrals actually result in placement Forms vary in their format

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Assessment “A generic term that refers to the process of gathering information for the purpose of decision making” McLean, et al, 2004 To obtain a complete profile of the student’s strengths and weaknesses Uses a multidisciplinary team of professionals Uses both formal and informal assessment tools

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Multidisciplinary team convenes to consider special education Parents are full team members Parents informed of their rights Parents must give permission for initial individual assessment See page 49 for of parental rights

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Assessment typically includes:  Vision and hearing screening  Intelligence testing  Achievement testing  Social and behavioral functioning  Social history

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Must be nondiscriminatory on a racial, cultural, and linguistic basis Instruments must be valid and reliable Instruments administered by trained professionals Testing must be in the primary language A variety of assessment tools are used

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Does student have a disability? Does the disability adversely affect educational performance? Can student’s needs be addressed through special education?

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Individualized education program (IEP) is developed Placement decision is made after IEP is developed

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Annual review of IEP  Update information on student’s functioning  Review student’s progress  Set goals for the next year  May amend IEP as needed during the year Three-year reevaluation  Does student need to be re-assessed?  Does student still need special education?  Parent permission not required for reevaluation

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Present levels of performance Annual goals and short term objectives Special education and related services Supplementary aids and services Assistive technology Participation with nondisabled peers Participation in state/district testing

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Section 504 plans should be simple, inexpensive and easy to use. Many of the accommodations are common sense and will vary depending on the learner. Preferential seating Oral testing options Extended test time Peer note taker Tape recorded lessons Textbooks kept at home Rest periods during the day Outlines and study guides Modified attendance policies

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Dates and locations of service (Placement decision) Transition services needed at age 16 Age of majority How progress will be measured and reported to parents

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education If a child’s behavior impedes learning, the team must consider the use of positive behavioral interventions and supports If a child has limited English proficiency, the team must consider language needs If the child is blind/visually impaired or deaf/hearing impaired, the team must provide instruction in Braille and the use of Braille or an interpreter must be available The team must consider the child’s communication needs The team must consider whether a child needs assistive technology devices and services

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Time spent inside a regular class 80 to 100% time: 60.5% of students with disabilities 40 to 79% time: 20.6% of students with disabilities Less than 39% time: 14.24% of students with disabilities Time spent in separate settings (residential, separate school, private school, hospital, home, correctional facility) ~5% of students with disabilities

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education General Education Resource Class Separate Class Separate School Residential Facility Home or Hospital

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Mediation  Impartial professional meets with each party to try to resolve the dispute Due process hearing  Formal procedure often resembling a trial  Impartial hearing officer makes decision  Decision may be appealed

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 2: The Personnel and Procedures of Special Education Shortage of special education teachers  98% of urban school districts have immediate openings for special education teachers Special education paperwork