2. “Copyright and Terms of Service Copyright © Texas Education Agency. The materials found on this website are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the Texas Education Agency and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of the Texas Education Agency, except under the following conditions: 1)Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educational use without obtaining permission from the Texas Education Agency; 2) Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual personal use only without obtaining written permission of the Texas Education Agency; 3) Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way; 4) No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged. Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from the Texas Education Agency and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty fee. Call TEA Copyrights with any questions you have. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

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4. Also called Trend Analysis Shows changes in amounts on financial statements over time Compares the same accounts over time (apples to apples) 4 Uses a Comparative Balance Sheet (includes more than one accounting period on the same document) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

5. 5 Changes can be shown in dollar amounts or percentages. Dollar amounts are simply calculated by subtracting the original period from the current period. (example on next slide) Percentages are calculated by dividing the dollar amount of change by the amount in the original period, then multiplying the answer by 100. (example on next slide) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

6. 6 ABC Corporation Comparative Balance Sheet December 31, 2010 and 2011 Increase (Decrease) Assets2011 2010 AmountPercent Current Assets: Cash $ 7,000$6,500 $5007.7 Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance 39,000 3,500 4,000 25,000 5,000 3,700 14,000 (1,500) 300 56.0 (30.0) 8.1 Total Current Assets $53,500$40,200 13,30033.1 Property, Plant, and Equipment: Land 40,00054,475 (14,475)(26.6) Buildings 95,000112,000 (17,000)(15.2) Equipment 30,00017,000 13,00076.5 Total Property, Plant, and Equipment 165,000183,475 (18,475)(10.1) Total Assets $218,500$223,675 $(5,175)(2.3) Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Salaries Payable Total Current Liabilities Long-Term Liabilities Mortgage Payable Bonds Payable Total Long-Term Liabilities $9,000 17,000 26,000 70,000 32,000 102,000 11,300 16,500 27,800 79,100 34,175 113,275 (2,300) 500 (1,800) (9,100) (2,175) (11,275) (20.4) 3.0 (6.5) (11.5) (6.4) (10.0) Total Liabilities 128,000141,075 (13,075)(9.3) Stockholder’s Equity Capital Stock Retained Earnings Total Stockholder’s Equity 65,000 25,500 90,500 54,000 28,600 82,600 11,000 (3,100) 7,900 20.4 (10.8) 9.6 Total Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity $218,500$223,675 (5,175)(2.3) To calculate dollar amount of change: 2011 amounts – 2010 amounts = dollar amount of increase or (decrease) To calculate percent change: dollar amount of change/dollar amount of 2010 (previous amount) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

7. 7 ABC Corporation Comparative Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20-- Increase (Decrease) Revenue 20112010AmountPercent Gross Sales Less: Sales Discounts Net Sales $531,000 18,500 512,500 499,050 21,500 477,550 31,950 (3,000) 34,950 6.4 (14.0) 7.3 Cost of Goods Sold Merchandise Inventory, Jan. 1 157,000136,265 20,73515.2 Net Purchases 45,00057,000 (12,000)(21.1) Goods Available for Sale 202,000193,265 8,7354.5 Less: Merch. Inventory, Dec. 31 53,00027,045 25,95596.0 Cost of Goods Sold 149,000166,220 (17,220)(10.4) Gross Margin 363,500311,330 52,17016.8 Operating Expenses Salaries 147,000143,500 3,5002.4 Rent 5,2004,800 4008.3 Advertising 9,8008,700 1,10012.6 Total Operating Expenses 162,000157,000 5,0003.2 Income before Taxes 201,500154,330 47,17030.6 Income Tax 26,50020,065 6,43532.1 Net Income 175,000134,265 40,73530.3 To calculate dollar amount of change: 2011 amounts – 2010 amounts = dollar amount of increase or (decrease) To calculate percent change: dollar amount of change/dollar amount of 2010 (previous amount) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

8. EXPECTATIONS  For example, if management expected Net Income to increase by 20% and it only increased 10%, management will need to look at whether Sales could have decreased or Expenses could have increased.  For example, if Accounts Receivable decreased by 30% from one year to the next, this could mean that either the existing credit accounts are being paid off by the customers, or new customers could be paying in cash as opposed to credit. 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

9. Assume a company’s change in Accounts Receivable over five years is as follows: 9 To make the graph, create a spreadsheet with the years examined and the dollar amount of the changes. Graphing can visually show trends of increases and decreases in accounts over time. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

10. Also called common-size analysis Amounts are shown as a percentage Amounts not necessarily compared over time to the same accounts, as in horizontal or trend analysis, but different amounts are compared to a common total on the same financial statement 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

11. 11 Calculated by dividing the individual amount by a base amount, then multiplying by 100. (examples on the next slide) On the Balance Sheet, Total Assets, Total Liabilities, or Total Stockholders’ Equity are typically used as the base amounts. On the Income Statement, Total Sales is typically the base amount. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

12. 12 ABC Corporation Balance Sheet December 31, 20— Assets Current Assets: Cash $ 7,000 3.2% Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance 39,000 3,500 4,000 17.9 1.6 1.8 Total Current Assets $53,500 24.5 Property, Plant, and Equipment: Land 40,000 18.3 Buildings 95,000 43.5 Equipment 30,000 13.7 Total Property, Plant, and Equipment 165,000 75.5 Total Assets $218,500 100.0% Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Salaries Payable Total Current Liabilities Long-Term Liabilities Mortgage Payable Bonds Payable Total Long-Term Liabilities $9,000 17,000 26,000 70,000 32,000 102,000 4.1% 7.8 11.9 32.0 14.6 46.7 Total Liabilities 128,000 58.6 Stockholder’s Equity Capital Stock Retained Earnings Total Stockholder’s Equity 65,000 25,500 90,500 29.7 11.7 41.4 Total Liabilities and Stockholder’s Equity $218,500 100.0% Each of the items on the Balance Sheet is divided by a total. The Asset section is divided by Total Assets. The Liabilities & Stockholder’s Equity section is divided by Total Liabilities & Stockholder’s Equity. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

13. 13 ABC Corporation Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20-- Revenue % Sales Less: Sales Discounts Net Sales $531,000 18,500 512,500 103.6 3.6 100.0% Cost of Goods Sold Merchandise Inventory, Jan. 1 157,000 30.6 Net Purchases 45,000 8.8 Goods Available for Sale 202,000 39.4 Less: Merchandise Inventory, Dec. 31 53,000 10.3 Cost of Goods Sold 149,000 29.1 Gross Margin 363,500 70.9 Operating Expenses Salaries 147,000 28.7 Rent 5,200 1.0 Advertising 9,800 1.9 Total Operating Expenses 162,000 31.6 Income before Taxes 201,500 39.3 Income Tax 26,500 5.2 Net Income $175,000 34.1% All accounts on the Income Statement are divided by a total, in this case, Net Sales. ** If there are no Sales Discounts or Sales Returns and Allowances, each item can be divided by Total Sales. ** Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

14. EXPECTATIONS  For example, if Accounts Receivable represents a large percent of Total Assets (that percentage would have to be established by management), management may want to tighten its credit policies.  For example, if the Cost of Goods Sold is an especially high percent of Sales or Revenue, more sales will be necessary to cover the costs. 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.

15. 15 Trend Analysis Assignment #1- In pairs, students will select a company to prepare a trend analysis. Locate a Comparative Balance Sheet and Income Statement for the company. Then the students will prepare a trend analysis for at least three accounts each from the company’s balance sheet and three accounts from the income statement. They should also include their own conclusion for each trend and a recommendation to management based on the increases or decreases they discover. They may prepare this on a spreadsheet program (or manually) and will present their findings to the class. Common-size Analysis Assignment #2- Individually, students will select a company and locate a Balance Sheet and Income Statement and prepare a vertical analysis of at least three items on each statement. These items are to be compared to a base amount which will equal 100% so that students will then create a pie chart for each of the two financial statements. Students will then make a conclusion and recommendation based on the results of the two pie graphs. Trend Analysis Graph Assignment # 3- Students will locate the Comparative Balance Sheet or Comparative Income Statement for a company of their choosing. They will select at least five accounts for the statement they choose and create graphs for each account showing the change over the different time periods. They can follow a format similar to the one in the presentation or a format of their choosing— as long as a spreadsheet displays the changes in the five accounts across the time periods and five graphs total (one for each spreadsheet). They should make a statement about each of the analyses in order to make a possible recommendation to management. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2014. All rights reserved.