1. APUSH Unit 8-2 CARTER, REAGAN, AND BUSH I + THE END OF THE COLD WAR

2. CARTER AT HOME

3.  Republicans actually ran Ford…  Democrats run dark horse candidate Jimmy Carter, peanut farmer and former Georgia governor  “I will never lie to you”  Born again Baptist – beginning of evangelical influence in politics  Seen as a nice “outside” guy who would clean up politics  Ends up being too nice and too much of an outsider 1976 ELECTION

4. 1976 ELECTION RESULTS Carter: 297 Electoral; 40,831,881 Popular (50.1%) Ford: 240 Electoral; 39,148,634 Popular (48%)

5.  Fourth Great Awakening  Religious Phase began in the 1950’s swelled in the 1980’s and 1990’s  Strongly evangelical  Political Phase is focused on improving morality  Becomes more entwined with politics (beginning in the 1980 election) than any other Great Awakening  Evangelical: Most adherents consider its key characteristics to be:  a belief in the need for personal conversion (or being "born again");  some expression of the gospel in effort;  a high regard for Biblical authority;  and an emphasis on the death and resurrection of Jesus.  wikipedia/evanglicalism CARTER – FIRST EVANGELICAL PRESIDENT

6.  Odd combination of stagnation and inflation  Inflation caused by rising energy prices from OPEC  Domestic automobile production (Chrysler) suffered because people were buying more and more German and Japanese cars that were fuel efficient  Trade balance became negative  Created an economic interdependence since we had to sell stuff overseas to pay for foreign oil  We were slowly fading from being the economic overlords of the world – now it’s globalization  Ever increasing budget deficit  All of this created problems for those on fixed incomes and caused a massive lending rate (over 20% interest rate) ECONOMIC ISSUES: STAGFLATION

7.  Carter felt that the problems stemmed from America’s dependence on foreign oil  how right he would be…  Carter tried to create legislation to conserve energy usage but ran into massive opposition  Then, the Shah of Iran was deposed and Ayatollah Khomeini took over  Iran stopped selling oil so OPEC hiked prices  On July 15, 1979 Carter freaked all over the American people with his anti-materialism speech (jeremiad) and fired 4 cabinet members  So no real change here CARTER ATTEMPTS TO TACKLE STAGFLATION

8. CARTER’S FOREIGN POLICY

9.  Championed the rights of the oppressed black majority in African countries (like Zimbabwe)  Full diplomatic relations with China began in early 1979  Ownership and control of the Panama Canal would go to the Panamanians in 2000  Carter really was a nice guy… CARTER AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABROAD

10.  Camp David Accords (September 1978): peace between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel  Israel would give up territory taken in the 1967 war and Egypt would respect Israel’s borders  An important move forward in Middle East Peace CARTER AND THE MIDDLE EAST Begin, Carter, and Sadat at Camp David - 1978

11.  Post-Nixon détente was slacking and Cold War problems were resuming  Carter tried to sign SALT II with USSR (1979) but it got bogged down in Congress  Ended up being good timing when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan on December 27, 1979 (the Soviet Vietnam)  We placed an embargo on trade with USSR which hurt our grain farmers  US (and others) boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of USSR’s intervention in Afghanistan  Just because they were upset, the USSR and other Eastern Bloc countries didn’t participate in the 1984 games in L.A.! THE COLD WAR IS STILL GOING

12.  In Iran, student Muslim militants took over the American Embassy on November 4, 1979 and captured its occupants for hostages.  US tried sanctions, but nothing worked as Iranians burned effigies of Carter and American flags in the streets every night.  Carter tried saving them with a SpecOps mission but it was a huge disaster as 8 of our guys died in a collision during their retreat – they never even made it to the hostages.  The hostages would be released 444 days later on Reagan’s inauguration IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS Hostage held before the media Protest against Iran in Washington D.C., 1979

13.  The 1980 election marked the joining of the Christian right and the Republican Party  Groups such as Moral Majority (1980-1989) organized the white evangelical vote for Reagan  Goals of the Moral Majority:  outlawing abortion  opposition to state recognition and acceptance of homosexual acts  opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment and Strategic Arms Limitation Talks  enforcement of a traditional vision of family life  censorship of media outlets that promote an "anti-family" agenda  The Christian Coalition, led by Pat Robertson, would basically replace they Moral Majority, led by Jerry Falwell, in 1988 THE CONSERVATIVE RIGHT AND THE 1980 ELECTION

14.  Issues involving race:  Milliken v. Bradley (1974), which dampened integration attempts  Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), which banned quota systems in college admissions, but supported affirmative action programs MAJOR ISSUES OF THE 1980 ELECTION The new right – Anti: Abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, affirmative action, and, often, environmentalism – Pro: Prayer in school, tougher sentencing for criminals Reagan campaigning in SC with Strom Thurmond (the super racist Senator from SC)

15. RESULTS OF 1980 ELECTION Reagan: 489 electoral; 43,903,230 popular; 50.7% Carter: 49 electoral; 35,480,115 popular; 41% Republicans also gain control of the Senate

16. RONALD REAGAN AND THE COLD WAR

17.  “Evil Axis” of the Soviet Union bloc  US increased defense spending by a huge amount in the hopes that we would force the USSR to spend until their economy couldn’t handle it anymore and then they would negotiate with us  Included things like Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative – SDI) and development of new technology – SDI emphasized defense rather than offense HEATING UP THE COLD WAR March 23, 1983 – National Security speech from Oval Office

18.  The early 1980’s saw growing problems:  USSR tries to stop Solidarity in Poland in 1981  USSR shoots down a Korean plane in 1983 with hundreds of passengers (including Americans)  USSR boycotts the 1984 L.A. Olympics  Saying there were too much anti-Soviet feelings in US INCREASING TENSION WITH USSR

19.  Mikhail Gorbachev took over the USSR in 1985 and begins ideas of Glasnost and Perestroika (openness and restructuring)  By December 1987 US and USSR had signed treaties to ban all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe GORBACHEV Gorbachev and Reagan at the first Summit in Geneva, Switzerland November 19, 1985

20.  Reagan got angry at the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua and their anti-American rhetoric  Massive and rapid invasion of Grenada in 1983 to overthrow a Marxist coup  Supported a coup against Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines in 1986  Bombed Libya in 1986 for alleged Libyan sponsorship of anti-American terrorist attacks TROUBLES ABROAD

21. RONALD REAGAN AT HOME

22.  Against “big government” (welfare and federal work programs)  Claimed to be against New Deal style programs  Cut programs such as job training and food stamps  THEN, massive tax cuts – called supply-side economics or Reaganomics or the trickle down theory  Make the rich richer in the theory that it would help all THE REAGAN REVOLUTION

23.  Recession of the early 1980’s was the worst since the Great Depression (until now…)  Unemployment at 11% in 1982  Massive bank failures  Some feel that it was the fault of the Federal Reserve under Carter in 1979, but remember that recessions are psychological… THE REAGAN RECESSION

24.  Recovered by 1983, kind of.  Poor got poorer and the rich got richer  Yuppies vs. urban poor  Economy still supported by military spending – by the 1980’s America was the world’s largest borrower  Didn’t Reagan say that he wanted smaller government? THE ECONOMY OF THE 1980’S

25.  Reagan gets shot 69 days into his presidency on March 30, 1981 by John Hinckley, Jr.  Because he liked Jodie Foster…  Reagan had a collapsed lung  Press Secretary James Brady shot in the head and permanently disabled  Became a leading advocate against handguns  Passed the Brady Bill  People were worried about Reagan and thrilled when he walked out of the hospital 12 days later THE CURSE ENDS

26.  I’m biased, but it was bad  Actually massively increased both the budget and trade deficit even though he was supposed to be reducing government  Was actually a social victory because now we were SO much in debt that we didn’t have money for social programs, which is what Reagan wanted  Black Monday – October 19, 1987 – biggest one- day decline in history (508 points)  Huge “Savings and Loans” problems with poorly invested banks that the government had to bail out in the late 1980’s  Saw the reversal of a growing middle class – now the rich are richer and poor poorer REAGAN’S EFFECT ON THE ECONOMY

27.  Reagan overhauled Supreme Court with conservative judges  Anti-abortion  Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) allowed states to restrict abortion rights as long as it did not place an undue burden on the woman  Anti-affirmative action CULTURE WARS

28.  The first time I voted…in an elementary school poll!  Reagan for the Republicans  Walter Mondale (Carter’s VP) for the Democrats with Geraldine Ferraro (a woman!) as his running mate  Mondale was crushed 1984 ELECTION

29. 1984 RESULTS Reagan: 525 Electoral; 54,455,472 Popular; 58.8% Mondale: 13 Electoral (his home state and DC) ; 37,577,352 Popular; 40.6 %

30.  US sold weapons to Iran  Without public knowledge because Iran was technically being funded by the USSR and we were supporting Iraq in their war  Did it for Iran’s help in freeing hostages in Lebanon (one hostage) and money  The money then went to the Contra Rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting the Sandinistas  Even though Congress banned military aid to the Nicaraguan rebels  World found out in 1986 when one of our planes went down and the pilot had to explain what he was doing… IRAN CONTRAS

31.  Reagan swore he didn’t know a thing about it  Either a liar or dumb decided Congress  Popularity dropped from 67% to 56% in November 1986, but was back up by January 1989 to 64%  Oliver North was the marine colonel fall guy for this as well as North’s boss at the NSC, Admiral John Poindexter IRAN CONTRAS Poindexter and North

32.  Democrats beat themselves up in the primary  Demonstrated the fragmentation of the Democrats as opposed to the single mindedness of the Republicans  Eventually chose “cool” Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts  Bush ran on repeats – tax cuts, opposition to abortion, “economic expansion”, tough on crime  Bush beat the boring Michael Dukakis with 7 million popular votes 1988 ELECTION

33. A gift to George Bush I from Ronald Reagan THE END OF THE COLD WAR

34. 1988 ELECTION RESULTS George HW Bush: 426 Electoral; 48,886,597 Popular; 53.4% Michael Dukakis: 111 Electoral; 41,809,476 Popular; 45.6%

35.  Reagan had visited the Brandenburg Gate in 1987 and announced “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”  By September of 1989, protestors were gathered on the Easter German side of the wall. On November 4 th, there were over a million protestors.  On November 9, the Party Secretary for Propaganda announced that the checkpoints would be open for travel to West Berlin  People rushed the checkpoints and were greeted by West Berliners  November 9 th is considered the day the wall fell  David Hasselhoff sang his hit song (in Germany) “Looking for Freedom” from atop of the wall on New Year’s Eve 1989 David Hasselhoff THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL – NOVEMBER 1989

36. Protestors Standing Atop the Wall Walking through Checkpoint Charlie November 10, 1989 THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL The two Germanies were reunited in October 1990

37.  Gorbachev kidnapped in August 1991 by hardliners who were trying to bring back communism with a military coup  Gorbachev foiled them, but resigned in December 1991  Since the republics had left the USSR  Became the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)  Boris Yeltsin took over as leader of Russia – the country, not the empire COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

38.  What is America’s place in the world?  Who would control nuclear proliferation?  What were we supposed to do without communism to fight?  What would happen to our economy if it was floated by massive defense spending which now disappeared?  Could Western Europe handle the political and economic refugees from what turned out to be the “Middle Ages” of Eastern Europe? WHAT HAPPENS TO AMERICA (AND THE WORLD) NOW?