1. Cursor and Exception Handling By Nidhi Bhatnagar

2. Objectives Cursor with For Loops Cursor with Parameters For Update of - Where Current of Cursor Ref Cursor Exception Handling – Understanding Exception Handling – various types

3. Cursor with For Loops It makes the code bit easier to maintain and use if we make use of FOR Loops in Cursors. Reason, it reduces the number of steps needed while working with cursor. Cursor in case of FOR Loops do not require Open, Fetch or Close cursor steps.

4. Cursor with For Loops It becomes a two step process  Step1 : Declare a cursor  Step2 : Declare a Record Type or Row Type variable and just use it in For Loop with Cursor

5. Cursor with For Loops Example Declare Cursor c_emp IS Select * From Emp; v_emp c_emp%Rowtype; Begin For v_emp in c_emp Loop dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.empno || ‘ ‘ || v_emp.sal); End Loop; End;

6. Cursor with For Loops For Loop automatically:  Open a cursor  Fetch from first to last record in a cursor Query.  Close the cursor. It is thus simple to work with For Loops in case of cursors.

7. Cursor with For Loops However there is slight change in For Loop when we work with cursor. Normally it is : For i in 1..10 In case of cursor it is: For variable IN cursor For Variable IN Cursor Loop End Loop;

8. Example FOR record_index in cursor_name LOOP {.statements.} END LOOP;

9. Cursor with Parameters PL/SQL also allows you to pass parameters into cursors. The rationale for using parameters in cursors is that it makes the cursor more reusable. Instead of hardcoding a value into the WHERE clause of a query to select particular information, you can use a parameter and then pass different values to the WHERE clause each time a cursor is opened.

10. Cursor with Parameters In case of cursor with parameters step1 and step2  Declare Cursor  Open Cursor changes: Step3 and Step4  Fetch cursor  Close cursor remains the same

11. Cursor with Parameters Changes in Declare Cursor Cur_name(parameter1, parameter2 <Datatype) IS Select * from tablename where condition1 = parameter1 and condition2 = parameter2 ; Example: Cursor c_emp (p_deptno emp.deptno%type) IS Select * from Emp where deptno = p_deptno;

12. Cursor with Parameters Changes in Open Open Cur_name(parameter1, parameter2 ) ; Example: Open c_emp(10); This will pass deptno 10 to query so it will execute for deptno 10 Open c_emp(20); This will pass deptno 20 to query so it will execute for deptno 20 Thus cursor becomes more dynamic and flexible. Same cursor can be used for different value in where condition.

13. Cursor with Parameters Cursor without parameter Declare Cursor c_emp IS Select * from Emp where deptno = 10; V_emp c_emp%Rowtype; Begin Open c_emp Loop End Loop; End; This cursor can only run for deptno 10 always. Cursor with parameter Declare Cursor c_emp (p_deptno number) IS Select * from Emp where deptno = p_deptno; V_emp c_emp%Rowtype; Begin Open c_emp(10); -- or Open c_emp(20) Loop End Loop; End; This cursor can run for any deptno whichever is passed during open, 10, 20 anything.

14. Example Example 29Sample29.SQLSample29.SQL Example 30Sample30.SQLSample30.SQL

15. Cursor - For Update of … Where Current of For update of clause provides locks on the rows of the query in the cursor. Because of this lock nobody else can refer to those rows till your cursor is closed. Advantage is no two people will get the same rows to access since one has already locked it. Disadvantage is till first person releases the lock the second one cannot get the data in those rows.

16. Cursor - For Update of … Where Current of This type of cursor is used when we want to update the record along with the Fetch. To update  Cursor declaration should have For update of in the end.  Update statement in the Begin block should have Where Current of clause.

17. Cursor - For Update of … Where Current of Example Declare Cursor c_emp IS Select * from Emp where deptno= 10 For update; v_emp c_emp%rowtype; Begin For v_emp in c_emp Loop Update Emp set sal = sal + (sal * 0.1) where current of c_emp; End Loop; End;

18. Cursor - For Update of … Where Current of Example : You can also say For update of column name instead of just for update. This makes it more readable else logically there is no other difference. Declare Cursor c_emp IS Select * from Emp where deptno= 10 For update of Sal; v_emp c_emp%rowtype; Begin For v_emp in c_emp Loop Update Emp set sal = sal + (sal *.1) where current of c_emp; End Loop; End;

19. Cursor - For Update of … Where Current of In the Declaration we can also use NOWAIT. If suppose we are trying to open a for update of cursor and rows in that has already been locked by some other program then our program will keep on trying to execute till other one releases. In this case your program can hang. Using NOWAIT ensures that  if rows are already locked by somebody else then it returns immediately without doing anything so that your program does not hang.  If rows are not already locked then it will get the locks on those rows.

20. Cursor - For Update of … Where Current of Example : With NOWAIT clause Declare Cursor c_emp IS Select * from Emp where deptno= 10 For update of Sal NOWAIT; v_emp c_emp%rowtype; Begin For v_emp in c_emp Loop Update Emp set sal = sal + (sal *.1) where current of c_emp; End Loop; End;

21. Example Example 31Sample31.SQLSample31.SQL

22. Ref Cursor Ref Cursor is actually a kind of data type in pl/sql. Basically, it is used to make the concept of cursor more dynamic. We can use the same type of cursor for different query in the same program.

23. Ref Cursor Three step process  Declare a Type of Ref Cursor  Declare a variable of that type  Open the cursor by giving the query in the Begin Section instead of query being given in the Declare Section.

24. Ref Cursor Three step process Declare --Step1 Type t_ref_emp IS Ref Cursor; --Step2 c_emp t_ref_emp; Begin --Step3 Open c_emp for Select * from Emp; End; As seen in step 3 query is given in Begin Section instead of Declare.

25. Ref Cursor Declare Type t_ref_emp IS Ref Cursor; c_emp t_ref_emp; v_query char(200); Begin v_query := ‘&Query’; --Step3 Open c_emp for v_query End; As seen in step 3 we are accepting a query from user in Begin Section and different query can be given, so program can work with different types of Query.

26. Example Example 32Sample32.SQLSample32.SQL Example 33Sample33.SQLSample33.SQL

27. Exception Handling When an exception or Error occurs in a PL/SQL block, its execution section (Begin) immediately terminates. Control is passed to the exception section. Once the control is passed to exception section then it is handled there and after that program terminates. Every exception in PL/SQL has an error number and error message, all exceptions also have names.

28. Exception Handling Error Handling or Exception Handling is required because at run time if some problem occurs with the program we should have provision to safely end the program With either proper message or action rather than ending up in uncontrolled situation.

29. Exception Handling Exception can be System defined or User defined. In any case, whenever an error occurs, an exception is raised Raised exception has some number or name associated to it. We can handle the error in the EXCEPTION section of program using this no. and name of error.

30. Exception Handling Three ways we can handle exception in PL SQL are:  System Defined Exception  Associating with System Defined Exception  User Defined Exception

31. Exception Handling System Defined Exception : Oracle has identified certain cases in which error can come in a program. It has given number and name to those cases. Whenever that condition occurs in a program oracle raises an exception. It is the job of the programmer to right the code to handle such cases in their own ways After finishing the code in Exception it will terminate the program. i.e Once an error occur then no further code in the begin section is processed. You need to Re run the program then.

32. Exception Handling Few examples of such cases Exception NameOracle Error value SQLCODE( value we get at runtime) INVALID_CURSORORA-01001-1001 INVALID_NUMBERORA-01722-1722 NO_DATA_FOUNDORA-01403-1403 ZERO_DIVIDEORA-01476-1476

33. Exception Handling Remember, there are thousands of such errors and one cannot handle all of them in code, while making program we come to know what all error cases can come so we need to handle those only. Example :  If in a program we are dividing two numbers : m/n if n is 0 then it will be a infinity or zero divide error so we will handle Zero_Divide Exception.  If in a program we are writing a query Select ename into v_name from Emp where Empno = v_empno; Suppose that empno is not in the table then we will not get any row so we will have No_Data_found Exception and we need to handle that.

34. Exception Handling Declare m number; n number; x number; Begin m := &number1; n := &number2; x := m/n ; dbms_output.put_line( ‘Output is :’ || x); End; In this program if we take n as 0 then infinity error can come. So we need to handle that.

35. Exception Handling Declare m number; n number; x number; Begin m:= &number1; n:= &number2; x := m/n ; dbms_output.put_line('Output is : ' || x); EXCEPTION WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE then dbms_output.put_line('Infinity Error, you cannot enter value 0 for second number'); dbms_output.put_line(' Try again with Proper value'); End;

36. Exception Handling To handle multiple exception in the same program. EXCEPTION WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Try again with Proper value’); WHEN INVALID_NUMBER then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Number entered is invalid’); WHEN VALUE_ERROR then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Invalid value’); End;

37. Exception Handling To handle all the exception in the same program. EXCEPTION WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Try again with Proper value’); WHEN INVALID_NUMBER then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Number entered is invalid’); WHEN OTHERS then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Some Error occurred, contact administrator’); End; When others handles all the other errors other then specified on top of it. So here all other errors other then ZERO_DIVIDE and INVALID_NUMBER will get the message given in WHEN OTHERS.

38. Exception Handling SQLCODE – This function when used in EXCEPTION section returns the error number. SQLERRM : This function when used in EXCEPTION section returns the error message. This two functions can be used in WHEN OTHERS section to know the exact error number and its message whenever any error occurs. EXCEPTION WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Try again with Proper value’); WHEN INVALID_NUMBER then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Number entered is invalid’); WHEN OTHERS then dbms_output.put_line(‘ Error number is : ’ || SQLCODE); dbms_output.put_line(‘ Error message is : ’ || SQLERRM); End;

39. Exception Handling In all the previous cases here we have displayed different messages while handling different exceptions but we can do other things also to handle exception (Few such things are given below) Example :  We can write the problem in a file.  We can reset or change the values in some variables.  We can insert that error no and error message along with date and time in some table so that all the error occurring can be seen in future.

40. Example Example 34Sample34.SQLSample34.SQL Example 35Sample35.SQLSample35.SQL Example 36Sample36.SQLSample36.SQL Example 37Sample37.SQLSample37.SQL Example 38Sample38.SQL

41. Associating with Pre-Defined Exception Sometimes we want to give more meaningful name or rather name suitable to us to the error number. To accomplish this we can associate a new name for the error number. For example error no : -1 has name DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX this error occurs when we try to insert a record in a table such that one of the column is primary key and that value we are passing is already there. i.e we are trying to violate primary key. We will give a name DUPLICATE_VALUE in our program.

42. Associating with Pre-Defined Exception Two steps:  First we will declare DUPLICATE_VALUE as an Exception in Declare Section  We will use function EXCPETION_INIT to associate this name with the Error number. EXCEPTION_INIT is a function that we will have to call in Declare section only. Secondly, this type of association should happen at compilation time only so will have to use PRAGMA. PRAGMA is compiler directive i.e. it helps in calling or associating something before the program actually runs.

43. Associating with Pre-Defined Exception Declare DUPLICATE_VALUE Exception ; PRAGMA Exception_Init ( DUPLICATE_VALUE, -1); Begin Exception When DUPLICATE_VALUE then End;

44. Example Example 39Sample39.SQLSample39.SQL

45. User Defined Exception Oracle has identified more than 20,000 Exceptions which can occur in a program. There can still be an error case where user feel that particular case is an error case though it may not be an errors for others. Example:  In banking if balance in an account is less then 500 then its an error but value less then 500 in other case or for oracle it is not a error.  In Employee data Salary cannot be 0 its an error data but having value equal to 0 in salary column is not an error for oracle.

46. User Defined Exception User Defined Exception Handling is thus used for all such cases. In user defined exception handling you need to do three thing:  Declare an Exception – Declare Section  Raise an Exception - Begin Section  Handle an Exception – Exception section

47. User Defined Exception Handling part is same as System defined section but Declare and Raise is required since oracle does not have any such error case. We need to declare so that our new error has name. We need to Raise because oracle does not know when that error will occur in Begin section, we need to decide and call that at right time.

48. User Defined Exception Declare Invalid_Salary Exception; --Declaring an Exception v_empno Emp.empno%type; v_sal Emp.sal%type; Begin v_sal := &Salary; -- Accepting new salary from user v_empno := &empno; if v_sal < 1000 then --If salary is less then 1000 then it is error for us Raise Invalid_Salary; --Raising an exception End if; Update Emp set sal = v_sal where empno = v_empno; Exception When Invalid_Salary then dbms_output.put_line (‘Salary cannot be less then 1000 ’); End; -- See next slide…

49. User Defined Exception In the program if salary entered is less than 1000 then Exception will be raised & updation will be stopped. If salary is not less than 1000 then Exception will not be raised and so next line i.e updation will take place in the table.

50. Example Example 40Sample40.SQLSample40.SQL

51. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR This function is also used sometime to handle errors in pl/sql. In the code where ever this function is called program ends there only. No line of code after that is executed. This is not frequently used as it is not a structured way to handler errors but at times it is one of the good options to use. It is used frequently in triggers ( We will see in fourth day session).

52. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (Error Number, Error Message); Error Number can be anything between : -20,001 to -20999 As first 20,000 numbers are reserved by Oracle System defined exceptions. Error Message is the message user will see before program will end. Same error number can be used for different message in different programs. Example :  RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20010,’Salary is not valid’);  RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20001,’In sufficient balance’);  RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20001,’ Deptno does not exist’);

53. Example Example 41Sample41.SQLSample41.SQL

54. Summary We saw today… Record type and its uses Table type and its uses Cursor concept, types (Implicit, Explicit) and use. Exception Handling. (System and User Defined..)

55. Thank you !! Next session tomm… Stored procedures – Procedure, Function and Package