2. The bad news, good news and more bad news about elevated CO 2 levels in the atmosphere. –Bad news: CO 2 contributes to global warming. –Good news: The ocean is absorbing a good deal of this CO2, therefore slowing global warming. –Bad news: As the excess CO2 dissolves in the ocean, the ocean becomes more acidic, therefore threatening marine life that uses calcium carbonate to build its skeleton or shell. Think of coral, lobsters, star fish, and mollusks.

3. In experiment #2, we showed that CO2 comes from car exhaust as the engine burns gasoline making CO2 and water. When CO2 dissolves in water, we showed that it becomes carbonic acid. If this water is the ocean, this acid threatens the marine animals that use calcium carbonate to create their exoskeletons and shells.

4. There are many ways humans have damaged marine life; for example, pollution, over fishing, dredging, and blasting are the obvious ways. Adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is a more hidden way of harming marine life; a way that slowly dissolves their bodies. Many sea creatures build the shell or exoskeleton using calcium carbonate. This is how it can be dissolved: First the carbon dioxide combines with water to make an acid called carbonic acid. CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO3 Like most acids, the carbon acid releases a hydrogen ion (H+). Its called an ion because it has a charge. In this case, its a plus one charge. The hydrogen ion (H+) is the calling card of acids. H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 - + H + The hydrogen ion attacks the solid calcium carbonate in the shell (or exoskeleton) causing the calcium to dissolve into the water. The CO32- (called the carbonate ion) combines with H+ to make whats called the bicarbonate ion (new name is hydrogen carbonate, which also dissolves in the water (ocean). The outcome is the marine animal looses its shell or exoskeleton and dies. HCO 3 - H + + CO 3 2- CaCO 3 + 2H + + CO 3 2- Ca 2+ (aq) + 2HCO 3 - CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 CaCO 3(s) + H + (aq) Ca 2+ (aq) + HCO 3 - (aq)

5. Ca 2+ C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- H+H+ C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- + O HH + O HH + O HH + O HH + O HH + O HH +

6. C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- H+H+ C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- O HH + O HH + O HH + O HH + + + + + O HH + + + + + + + O HH + + H + ions 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. Ca 2+ C O O-O- O-O- H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- C O O-O- O-O- H+H+ HH O C O O-O- O-O- C O-O- O O-O- C O-O- O O-O-

8. To demonstrate that CO2 makes water acidic, we will bubble CO2 through water. Instead of the source of CO2 being your automobile, it will be yourself. Yes, you contribute to global warming and to the oceans acidity, too (but to a much lesser amount). We will detect the CO 2 in two ways. Both ways show that the acidity of water increases when CO 2 is added. One way of showing it is by directly measuring pH. The other is similar to what we did in the car exhaust lab, but this time, you will provide the CO 2.

9. The amount of CO2 that dissolves in water depends on the temperature of water. You know this from experience. If you open a soda can while warm, its likely to spray all over as the CO2 hurriedly leaves the water to become a gas. If cold, more CO2 stays dissolved in the water as either CO2 or as H2CO3. We are going to blow into a beaker of ice water using some tubing attached to an air stone. The concentration of CO2 in air from our lungs is about 4% (thats about 4 CO2 molecules (with the remaining 100) being water, oxygen, and nitrogen molecules), 5 water (H2O) molecules, 15 oxygen (O2) molecules, and 76 nitrogen molecules (N2). With the car exhaust, CO2 concentration was about 12% (12 CO2, 75 nitrogen molecules, and 13 H2O.

10. CH3(CH2)6CH3 + 12.5 O2 8CO2 + 9H2O 12.5 to x = 20 to 80 ( 4 x 12.5)=50 50 molecules N2 : 8CO2 + 9H2O