1. Figure 14.1 Some of the main arthropod groups: a variety of forms based on a simple body plan of a tough exoskeleton and jointed limbs.

2. Figure 14.2 (a–d) Parvancoria from the Ediacara biota, Flinders Ranges, South Australia; (e, f) Skania from the Middle Cambrian of Guizhou Province, South China. Scale bar: 3.5 mm (a), 4 mm (b), 10 mm (c, d), 2 mm (e, f). (Courtesy of Jih-Pai (Alex) Lin.)

3. Figure 14.3 Trilobite morphology: (a) external morphology of the Ordovician trilobite Hemiarges; (b) generalized view of the anterior of the Silurian trilobite Calymene revealing details of the underside of the exoskeleton; and (c) details of the limb pair associated with a segment of the exoskeleton.

4. Figure 14.4 Vision in trilobites: (a) lateral view of a complete specimen of Cornuproetus, Silurian, Bohemia (×4); (b) detail of the compound eye of Cornuproetus (×20); (c) holochroal compound eye of Pricyclopyge, Ordovician, Bohemia (×6); (d) schizochroal compound eye of Phacops, Devonian, Ohio (×4); and (e) schizochroal compound eye of Reedops, Devonian, Bohemia (×5). (Courtesy of Euan Clarkson.)

5. Figure 14.5 Facial sutures: the tracks of the proparian, gonatoparian and opisthoparian sutures. The lateral suture (not illustrated) follows the lateral margin of the cephalon.

6. Figure 14.6 Molt phases of the Bohemian trilobite Sao hirsuta Barrande. Magnifications: protaspid stages approximately ×9, meraspid stages approximately ×7.5 and the holaspid stages approximately ×0.5. (Based on Barrande 1852.)

7. Figure 14.7 Some common trilobite taxa: (a) Agnostus (×10), (b) Pagetia (×5), (c) Paradoxides (×0.5), (d, e) Illaenus (×1), (f) Warburgella (×3), (g, h) Phacops (×0.75), (i) Spherexochus (×0.75), (j) Calymene (×0.75), (k) Leonaspis (×2). Magnifications are approximate.

8. Figure 14.8 Trilobite ecomorphs: pelagic (a, b), illaenomorph (c, d), marginal cephalic spines (e, f), olenimorph (g, h), pitted fringe (i), miniature (j, k) and atheloptic (blind) (l) morphotypes. (Based on Fortey & Owens 1990.)

9. Figure 14.9 Lifestyles of the trilobites: a mosaic of selected Lower Paleozoic trilobites in various life attitudes.

10. Figure 14.10 Trilobite communities: overview of (a) Early Ordovician (Arenig), (b) Late Ordovician (Ashgill) and (c) Mid Silurian (Wenlock) trilobite associations in relation to water depth and sedimentary facies. (a, from Fortey, R.A. 1975. Fossils and Strata 4; b, from Price, D. 1979. Geol. J. 16; c, from Thomas, A.T. 1979. Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Lond. 8.)

11. Figure 14.11 Stratigraphic distributon of the main trilobite groups. (From Clarkson 1998.)

12. Figure 14.12 Landmark analysis of Aulacopleura. (a) Measurements, (b) landmarks, (c) plot of landmarks, (d) bivariate plot of occipital–glabellar length versus frontal area length, and (e) bivariate plot of occipital–glabellar length versus thoracic length. FAW, width of frontal area; PGW, OCW, width of occipital glabella; EGW, FAL, length of frontal area; PLL, GLL, THL, length of thorax; PYL, length of pygidium; PAW, PYW, width of pygidium; RMA, reduced major axis. (Courtesy of Nigel Hughes.)

13. Figure 14.13 Microevolution and faunal dynamics of olenids in the Swedish Alum Shales. Olenus species evolve gradually up through the section. (Based on Clarkson et al. 1998.)

14. Figure 14.14 Pathological trilobites: (a) Onnia superba – the fringe in the lower part of the photograph has an indentation and a smooth area, probably regeneration following an injury during molting (×4); (b) Autoloxolichas – the deformed segments on the left-hand side may be either genetic or the result of repair following injury (×3); and (c) Sphaerexochus – only two ribs are developed on the right-hand side, probably a genetic abnormality (×25). (Courtesy of Alan Owen.)

15. Figure 14.15 Chelicerate morphology displaying features of (a) dorsal and (b) ventral surfaces. (Based on McKinney 1991.)

16. Figure 14.16 Eurypterid functional morphology showing (a) swimming and (b, c) walking life modes. (From Clarkson 1998.)

17. Figure 14.17 Insects trapped in a Cretaceous spiders web: (a) reconstruction and (b) actual specimen. Strands of the web have been emphasized on the reconstruction together with droplets; a fly (center left) and mite (top right) were both caught in the web. (Courtesy of Enrique Peñalver.)

18. Figure 14.18 The millipedes: (a) Archidesmus (Lower Devonian), (b) Cowiedesmus (Middle Silurian) and (c) Pneumodesmus (Middle Silurian), from Scotland. Scale bars, 2 mm. (Courtesy of Lyall Anderson.)

19. Figure 14.19 Ranges of selected insect orders. Geological period abbreviations are standard, running from Silurian (S) to Recent (R). (Based on Jarzembowski, E.A. & Ross, A.J. 1996. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 102.)

20. Figure 14.20 Giant Carboniferous dragonflies from Ayr, Scotland. p, prothoracic lobe; r, rostrum. Scale bar is in millimeters. (Courtesy of Ed Jarzembowski.)

21. Figure 14.21 Carboniferous shrimps: (a) Tealliocaris woodwardi from the Gullane Shrimp Bed, near Edinburgh (×4); (b) Waterstonella grantonensis from the Granton Shrimp Bed, near Edinburgh (×2); (c) Crangopsis socialis and Waterstonella grantonensis from the Granton Shrimp Bed (×2). (Courtesy of Euan Clarkson.)

22. Figure 14.22 Descriptive terminology of the ostracode animal (a), including muscle scars (b) and hinge structures (c). (Based on Armstrong & Brasier 2005.)

23. Figure 14.23 Some ostracode genera: (a) left valve of a male living Limnocythene showing details of appendages (×30); (b, d) left valves of female and male heteromorphs of Beyrichia (Silurian) (×18); (c, e) external and internal views of the left valve of living Patagonacythene (×30); (f) palaeocopid Kelletina (Carboniferous) (×30). (Courtesy of David Siveter.)

24. Figure 14.24 Composite of Mid Cambrian and Late Cambrian forms and reconstructions. Lower case letters (a–d), larvae; upper case letters (A–D), adult stages. Distance of sinking into the zone of preservation: 1, short distance; 2, long distance. (Redrawn from Walossek, D. 1993. Fossils and Strata 32.)