1. Copyright 1987-2009 1 Asimov's Laws of Robotics

2. Copyright 1987-2009 2 Human-Artefact Hybridisation (Cyborgisation)

3. Copyright 1987-2009 3 Roger Clarke, Xamax Consultancy, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW and in Computer Science, ANU Chair, Australian Privacy Foundation Access and Privacy Workshop Toronto – 26-27 October 2009 http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/SSF-0910 {.html,.ppt}

4. Copyright 1987-2009 4 Roger Clarke, Xamax Consultancy, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW and in Computer Science, ANU Chair, Australian Privacy Foundation Access and Privacy Workshop Toronto – 26-27 October 2009 http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/SSF-0910 {.html,.ppt} Surveillance in Speculative Fiction

5. Copyright 1987-2009 5 Surveillance in Speculative Fiction AGENDA Surveillance Speculative Fiction Genres Surveillance in Speculative Fiction and in Reality Aural Visual Person Id, Location and Tracking Counterveillance Sousveillance Is Privacy Really Dead?

6. Copyright 1987-2009 6 Surveillance The systematic monitoring or investigation of the actions or communications of one or more persons, directly, or through the monitoring of space or objects Personal Surveillance Focus on an identified person: because of suspicion about that individual for activity deterrence / behaviour repression Mass Surveillance Focus on groups or spaces: to generate suspects for activity deterrence / behaviour repression

7. Copyright 1987-2009 7 PHYSICAL Surveillance Localised Listening, Observation At Distance (Enhanced Listening, Observation) Sound-Amplification Devices (directional microphones) Image-Amplification Devices (field glasses, infrared binoculars, light amplifiers, satellite cameras) Auto (i.e. by means of the Self) Devices that are attached to the person: loosely but reliably ('mil dog-tags', mobile phone) tightly (anklet) implanted

8. Copyright 1987-2009 8 'ELECTRONIC' Surveillance 'Speech Surveillance' Mail Covers, Telephone Interception, eMail Interception: connections monitoring / traffic analysis (who is talking with whom) communications surveillance (who is saying what to whom) 'Experience Surveillance' / 'Behaviour Surveillance' The Web enables surveillance of: pages visited (to support selective advertising) books bought books and articles read at home or in the library Metered Road Usage; Identified Public Transport Tickets

9. Copyright 1987-2009 9 What were once Ephemera Observed Are Now Events Recorded and Analysed What was 'NOW OR NEVER' is now 'SOONER OR LATER' ENABLERS: Sound-Recording Speech-Traffic-Recording Image-Recording Transaction-Recording FACILITATORS : Trail-Generation Trail-Correlation NEW CAPABILITIES: Retrospective Analysis Real-Time Location Real-Time Tracking Anticipatory Tracking

10. Copyright 1987-2009 10 Dataveillance The systematic use of personal data systems in the monitoring or investigation of the actions or communications of one or more persons

11. Copyright 1987-2009 11 Dataveillance The systematic use of personal data systems in the monitoring or investigation of the actions or communications of one or more persons Term first published in Commun. ACM in 1988 22,200 / 14,000 hits on Google in 2007 / 2009 581 / 1,230 hits on Google Scholar in 2007 / 2009 (at least 166 / 425 of which do not contain 'Clarke')

12. Copyright 1987-2009 12 Categorisation of Surveillance (1)Of What? Person, Object, Space (2)For Whom? Person, Involved Party, Third Party (3) By Whom? Person, Involved Party, Third Party (4) Why? Wellbeing, Evidence, Deterrence (5) How? Physical (visual, aural, at distance, auto-surveillance); Dataveillance (retrospective, real-time, predictive); Communications / Experience; Personal / Mass Surveillance (6) Where? Physical, Virtual, Intellectual (7) When? Once, Recurrent, Scattered, Continuous

13. Copyright 1987-2009 13 Genres Anti-Utopia / Dystopia We (Zamyatin) Human-as-Cockroach The Shockwave Rider (Brunner) Cyberpunk Neuromancer (Gibson) Cyberprep

14. Copyright 1987-2009 14 Anti-Utopia / Dystopia – 1

15. Copyright 1987-2009 15 Anti-Utopia / Dystopia – 2

16. Copyright 1987-2009 16 Human as Cockroach

17. Copyright 1987-2009 17 Cyberpunk

18. Copyright 1987-2009 18 Aural Surveillance

19. Copyright 1987-2009 19 Visual Surveillance

20. Copyright 1987-2009 20 Identification, Location and Tracking Identification (who?) Location (where?) Tracking (from where to where?) Retrospective Real-Time Prospective Artefacts as Proxies Motor Vehicles Mobile Phones Iris Scanning Attachments Implantation

21. Copyright 1987-2009 21 Identification, Location and Tracking Vehicles as Proxies The policemen on duty have instantaneous kodaks mounted on tripods, which show the position of any vehicle at quarter-second intervals, by which it is easy to ascertain the exact speed; so there is no danger of a vehicle's speed exceeding that allowed

22. Copyright 1987-2009 22 Identification, Location and Tracking Vehicles as Proxies The policemen on duty have instantaneous kodaks mounted on tripods, which show the position of any vehicle at quarter-second intervals, by which it is easy to ascertain the exact speed; so there is no danger of a vehicle's speed exceeding that allowed John Jacob Astor IV

23. Copyright 1987-2009 23 Identification, Location and Tracking Vehicles as Proxies The policemen on duty have instantaneous kodaks mounted on tripods, which show the position of any vehicle at quarter-second intervals, by which it is easy to ascertain the exact speed; so there is no danger of a vehicle's speed exceeding that allowed John Jacob Astor IV Died on the Titanic, 1912

24. Copyright 1987-2009 24 Identification, Location and Tracking Vehicles as Proxies Vehicle Id She fumbled in the storage compartment on the instrument board, apparently purposelessly. But the registration number which the traffic control automatically photographed as she left the controlway was not the number in which the car was registered

25. Copyright 1987-2009 25 Identification, Location and Tracking Vehicles as Proxies Vehicle Id She fumbled in the storage compartment on the instrument board, apparently purposelessly. But the registration number which the traffic control automatically photographed as she left the controlway was not the number in which the car was registered Robert Heinlein, 1941

26. Copyright 1987-2009 26 Identification, Location and Tracking Vehicles as Proxies Vehicle Id She fumbled in the storage compartment on the instrument board, apparently purposelessly. But the registration number which the traffic control automatically photographed as she left the controlway was not the number in which the car was registered Robert Heinlein, 1941 ANPR Invented in 1976, Deployed in 1979

27. Copyright 1987-2009 27 Iris Scanning 'Minority Report', Stephen Spielberg, Dreamworks, Released 12 June 2002

28. Copyright 1987-2009 28 Iris Scanning 'Minority Report', Stephen Spielberg, Dreamworks, Released 12 June 2002 Abu Dhabi Illegal Immigrant scheme Deployed October 2002 http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22721314_ITM

29. Copyright 1987-2009 29 Attachments for Felons (and Remandees, and...) Tattletales "...But if we do let you go, you must agree to carry tattletales with you at all times. Inquire of your attorney Mr. Sharp if that will be acceptable." "What the hell is a tattletale?" Joe Schilling asked. "A tracing device," Hawthorne said. "It will inform us where each of you are at all times" – Philip K. Dick, 1963

30. Copyright 1987-2009 30 Attachments for Felons (and Remandees, and...) Tattletales "...But if we do let you go, you must agree to carry tattletales with you at all times. Inquire of your attorney Mr. Sharp if that will be acceptable." "What the hell is a tattletale?" Joe Schilling asked. "A tracing device," Hawthorne said. "It will inform us where each of you are at all times" – Philip K. Dick, 1963 Ankle Monitors / Electronic Tagging of Humans First officially sanctioned use, in New Mexico, 1983

31. Copyright 1987-2009 31 Human Implantation Radiant – a substance injected into the shoulder, providing positioning, information – Jack Vance, 1954 The Ring – 'A surgically implanted electronic monitor that caused agony when a convict strayed... ' – Piers Anthony and Robert Margroff, 1968Skull Bug – Electronic device implanted in the cranium at birth, for monitoring and control – Alfred Bester, 1974

32. Copyright 1987-2009 32 Human Implantation Radiant – a substance injected into the shoulder, providing positioning, information – Jack Vance, 1954 The Ring – 'A surgically implanted electronic monitor that caused agony when a convict strayed... ' – Piers Anthony and Robert Margroff, 1968Skull Bug – Electronic device implanted in the cranium at birth, for monitoring and control – Alfred Bester, 1974 Resistance from a journal editor about the idea – 1992

33. Copyright 1987-2009 33 Human Implantation Radiant – a substance injected into the shoulder, providing positioning, information – Jack Vance, 1954 The Ring – 'A surgically implanted electronic monitor that caused agony when a convict strayed... ' – Piers Anthony and Robert Margroff, 1968Skull Bug – Electronic device implanted in the cranium at birth, for monitoring and control – Alfred Bester, 1974 Resistance from a journal editor about the idea – 1992 First chip implantation in animals – 1991

34. Copyright 1987-2009 34 Human Implantation First voluntary chip implantation in humans – 1998

35. Copyright 1987-2009 35 Human Implantation Radiant – a substance injected into the shoulder, providing positioning, information – Jack Vance, 1954 The Ring – 'A surgically implanted electronic monitor that caused agony when a convict strayed... ' – Piers Anthony and Robert Margroff, 1968Skull Bug – Electronic device implanted in the cranium at birth, for monitoring and control – Alfred Bester, 1974 Resistance from a journal editor about the idea – 1992 First chip implantation in animals – 1991 First voluntary chip implantation in humans – 1998 First imposed chip implantation in humans – 2000? 2004?

36. Copyright 1987-2009 36 Countersurveillance Spoofing of Traffic-Monitoring Camera – "... the registration number which the traffic control automatically photographed as she left the controlway was not the number in which the car was registered" – Robert Heinlein, 1941 Spy-Proof Office – montors received a conversation constructed at random out of a vast stock of innocuous phrases in various tone and voices. And undetectably so' – Isaac Asimov, 1951 Radiant Shield – A pad of woven metal around the shoulder and chest – Jack Vance, 1954 Probe Screen Hood – A device that blocks attempts to see into the contents of the brain mind – Philip K. Dick, 1955 Eavesdropper – an object that will detect if a is microphone is close enough to pick up conversation – James Blish, 1957

37. Copyright 1987-2009 37 Sousveillance The Unsleeping Eye – substituted for a human eye D.G. Compton, 1973, filmed as La mort en direct, 1980 Wearcam – Steve Mann, c. 1980 True-Vu Lenses – 'Oldsters used electronic sun hats and True-Vu goggles to surveil young people and any other trouble makers. The goggles would record whatever the wearer was watching, and then upload it to a secure location (in case anything happened)' – David Brin, 1990 Sousveillance – Steven Mann, coined c. 1995 for the use of optic technologies to observe those in authority Alibi Archive – A recording of transmissions from a personal implant, storing everything that happened to that individual – Robert J. Sawyer, 2003

38. Copyright 1987-2009 38 The Blurring of Speculative Fiction and Reality

39. Copyright 1987-2009 39 Interpretations You have zero privacy anyway, get over it Privacy is for people with something to hide Privacy through secrecy is dead Newgens have a completely different approach Privacy is bruised but unbowed Privacy is essential for humanity to survive

40. Copyright 1987-2009 40 Surveillance in Speculative Fiction AGENDA Surveillance Speculative Fiction Genres Surveillance in Speculative Fiction and in Reality Aural Visual Person Id, Location and Tracking Counterveillance Sousveillance Is Privacy Really Dead?

41. Copyright 1987-2009 41 Conclusions Surveillance offers fiction-writers a lot of scope Authors' imaginations have mostly run only a few, short decades ahead of technology

42. Copyright 1987-2009 42 Conclusions Surveillance offers fiction-writers a lot of scope Authors' imaginations have mostly run only a few, short decades ahead of technology Surveillance is increasing privacy concerns Active opposition is imminent, as surveillance goes beyond the levels of acceptability

43. Copyright 1987-2009 43 Conclusions Surveillance offers fiction-writers a lot of scope Authors' imaginations have mostly run only a few, short decades ahead of technology Surveillance is increasing privacy concerns Active opposition is imminent, as surveillance goes beyond the levels of acceptability 'We must teach our technologies to forget' Maybe we must also teach our technologies to forego data collection, except with consent or where reasonable grounds for suspicion exist