1. Ch1 AI: History and Applications Dr. Bernard Chen Ph.D. University of Central Arkansas Spring 2011

2. Outline AI History Overview of AI application areas

3. History There are two consequences of mind/body analysis essential to the AI enterprise: Mental processes have an existence of their own, obey their own laws, and can be studied in and of themselves Once the mind and the body are separated, philosophers found it necessary to find a way to reconnect the two

4. History: AI and the Rationalist Modern research issues in AI are formed and evolve through a combination of historical, social and cultural pressures. The rationalist tradition had an early proponent in Plato, and was continued on through the writings of Pascal, Descates, and Liebniz For the rationalist, the external world is reconstructed through the clear and distinct ideas of a mathematics

5. History: Development of Formal Logic The goal of creating a formal language for thought also appears in the work of George Boole, another 19 th century mathematician whose work must be included in the roots of AI The importance of Boole’s accomplishment is in the extraordinary power and simplicity of the system he devised: Three Operations

6. History: the Turning Test The imitation game (1950)

7. Outline AI History Overview of AI application areas

8. AI application areas Game Playing Much of the early research in state space search was done using common board games such as checkers, chess, and the 15-puzzle Games can generate extremely large search spaces. Theses are large and complex enough to require powerful techniques for determining what alternative to explore

9. AI application areas Automated reasoning and Theorem Proving Theorem-proving is one of the most fruitful branches of the field Theorem-proving research was responsible in formalizing search algorithms and developing formal representation languages such as predicate calculus and the logic programming language

10. AI application areas Expert System One major insight gained from early work in problem solving was the importance of domain-specific knowledge Expert knowledge is a combination of a theoretical understanding of the problem and a collection of heuristic problem- solving rules

11. AI application areas Expert System Current deficiencies: Lack of flexibility; if human cannot answer a question immediately, he can return to an examination of first principle and come up something Inability to provide deep explanations Little learning from experience

12. AI application areas Natural Language Understanding and Semantics One of the long-standing goals of AI is the creation of programming that are capable of understanding and generating human language

13. AI application areas Modeling Human Performance Capture the human mind (knowledge representation)

14. AI application areas Robotics A robot that blindly performs a sequence of actions without responding to changes or being able to detect and correct errors could hardly considered intelligent It should have some degree of sensors and algorithms to guild it

15. AI application areas Machine Learning Learning has remained a challenging area in AI An expert system may perform extensive and costly computation to solve a problem; unlike human, it usually don’t remember the solution

16. Decision Tree Example

17. AI application areas Alternative representations Neural Networks Genetic Algorithm