1. Predictive Coding https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

2. Data compression - 1 Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

3. GSM - Voice codecs 1 These used a system based on linear predictive coding (LPC) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

4. MP3 - Development 1 Manfred Schroeder was already a well- known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

5. Perception - Effect of motivation and expectation 1 Instead, our brains use what he calls Predictive coding https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

6. Bayesian approaches to brain function - Predictive coding 1 Predictive coding is a neurobiologically plausible scheme for inferring the causes of sensory input based on minimizing prediction error.Rao RPN, Ballard DH. Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects. Nature Neuroscience. 1999. 2:79–87 These schemes are related formally to Kalman filtering and other Bayesian update schemes. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

7. Bayesian approaches to brain function - Free energy 1 This can be cast (in neurobiologically plausible terms) as predictive coding or, more generally, Bayesian filtering. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

8. Digital signal processor - History 1 In 1976, Richard Wiggins proposed the Speak Spell (toy)|Speak Spell concept to Paul Breedlove, Larry Brantingham, and Gene Frantz at Texas Instrument's Dallas research facility. Two years later in 1978 they produced the first Speak Spell, with the technological centerpiece being the TMS5100, the industry's first digital signal processor. It also set other milestones, being the first chip to use Linear predictive coding to perform speech synthesis. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

9. Silk (codec) - Details 1 Skype Limited announced that SILK can use a sampling frequency of 8, 12, 16 or 24kHz and a bit rate from 6 to 40 kbit/s. It can also use a low algorithmic latency (audio)|delay of 25 ms (20 ms frame size + 5 ms look-ahead). The reference implementation is written in the C programming language. The codec technology is based on linear predictive coding (LPC). The SILK executable|binary Software development kit|SDK is available. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

10. MBONE - Mbone tools 1 * Audioconferencing: vat -t ttl destination- host/port (supports: Linear predictive coding|LPC, PCMU, DVI4, GSM) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

11. Texas Instruments - First speech synthesis chip 1 This resulted in the development the TMC0280 one-chip Linear predictive coding (LPC) speech synthesizer which was the first time a single silicon chip had electronically replicated the human voice.[http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/speec hsynthesis/ss_ti.htm “Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project”], accessed September 7, 2008 This was used in several TI commercial products beginning with Speak Spell (toy)|Speak Spell which was introduced at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

12. Secure voice - Digital Methods using Voice Compression: MELP or MELPe 1 As part of NATO testing for new NATO standard, MELPe was tested against other candidates such as France's HSX (Harmonic Stochastic eXcitation) and Turkey's SB-LPC (Split-Band Linear Predictive Coding), as well as the old secure voice standards such as FS1015 LPC-10e (2.4 kbit/s), FS1016 CELP (4.8 kbit/s) and CVSD (16 kbit/s) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

13. Speech synthesis - Diphone synthesis 1 At runtime, the target prosody (linguistics)|prosody of a sentence is superimposed on these minimal units by means of digital signal processing techniques such as linear predictive coding, PSOLA or MBROLA.T https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

14. Manfred R. Schroeder 1 He joined the technical staff at Bell Labs in New Jersey (1954-) researching speech and graphics, securing forty-five patents. With Bishnu Atal he was a promotor of linear predictive coding (1967). Still affiliated with Bell, he rejoined University of Göttingen as Universitätsprofessor Physik (1969) becoming professor emeritus (1991). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

15. Multimedia Information Retrieval - Feature Extraction Methods 1 Typical methods include Linear Predictive Coding in the audio/biosignal domain,HG Kim, N Moreau, T Sikora https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

16. Video compression - Coding methods 1 Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

17. Opus (audio format) 1 Opus can be adjusted seamlessly between high and low bit rate|bitrates, and internally, it transitions between linear predictive coding at lower bitrates and transform coding at higher bitrates (as well as a hybrid for a short overlap) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

18. Opus (audio format) - Features 1 The SILK layer that specializes in speech signals is based on linear predictive coding (LPC) and an optional Long-Term Prediction filter https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

19. High Efficiency Video Coding - Range extensions 1 **Residual DPCM (RDPCM), allowing a vertical or horizontal spatial-predictive coding of residual data in transform skip and transform-quantization bypass blocks (which can be selected for use in intra blocks, inter blocks, or both). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

20. Warped linear predictive coding 1 'Warped linear predictive coding' ('warped LPC' or 'WLPC') is a variant of linear predictive coding in which the spectral representation of the system is modified, for example by replacing the unit delays used in an LPC implementation with first- order allpass filters. This can have advantages in reducing the bitrate required for a given level of perceived audio quality/intelligibility, especially in wideband audio coding. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

21. Algebraic code-excited linear prediction 1 'Algebraic code-excited linear prediction' ('ACELP') is a patentedUS Patent 5717825 Algebraic code-excited linear prediction speech coding method speech coding algorithm by VoiceAge | VoiceAge Corporation in which a limited set of pulses is distributed as excitation to a Linear predictive coding|linear prediction filter. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

22. Code-excited linear prediction 1 At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as residual-excited linear prediction and linear predictive coding vocoders (e.g., FS-1015) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

23. ILBC 1 The algorithm is a version of block- independent linear predictive coding, with the choice of data frame lengths of 20 and 30 milliseconds https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

24. Network Voice Protocol 1 NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD). Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler- Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); and John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

25. Line spectral pairs 1 'Line spectral pairs' ('LSP') or 'line spectral frequencies' ('LSF') are used to represent linear predictive coding|linear prediction coefficients (LPC) for transmission over a channel https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

26. Secure telephone - Historically significant products 1 In 1989 an Irish company called Intrepid developed one of the most advanced secure phones. Called Milcode, the phone was the first to implement Code Excited Linear Prediction (or CELP) which dramatically improved voice quality and user operability over previous LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) and LPC-10e versions. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

27. Log area ratio 1 'Log area ratios' ('LAR') can be used to represent reflection coefficients (another form for Linear predictive coding|linear prediction coefficients) for transmission over a channel. While not as efficient as line spectral pairs (LSPs), log area ratios are much simpler to compute. Let r_k be the kth reflection coefficient of a filter, the kth LAR is: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

28. Golomb coding - Applications 1 Several lossless audio data compression|audio codecs, such as Shorten (file format)|Shorten,[http://www.etree.org/shnutils /shorten/support/doc/shorten.txt man shorten] FLAC,[http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentati on_format_overview.html FLAC documentation: format overview] Apple Lossless, and MPEG-4 ALS, use a Rice code after the Linear predictive coding|linear prediction step (called adaptive FIR filter in Apple Lossless). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

29. Linear predictive coding 1 'Linear predictive coding' ('LPC') is a tool used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a Digital data|digital signal (information theory)|signal of Speech communication|speech in data compression|compressed form, using the information of a linear prediction|linear predictive model https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

30. Linear predictive coding - Applications 1 Paul Lansky made the well-known computer music piece notjustmoreidlechatter using linear predictive coding.[http://www.music.princeton.edu/~p aul/liner_notes/morethanidlechatter.html] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

31. Release time - 1 'Analysis/resynthesis' is a form of synthesis that uses a series of bandpass filters or Fourier transforms to analyze the harmonic content of a sound. The resulting analysis data is then used in a second stage to resynthesize the sound using a band of oscillators. The vocoder, linear predictive coding, and some forms of speech synthesis are based on analysis/resynthesis. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

32. Codec2 - Overview 1 The LSP coefficients represent the Linear predictive coding|Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) model in the frequency domain, and lend themselves to https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

33. G.728 1 The linear prediction is calculated backwards with a 50th order linear predictive coding filter https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

34. Lossless JPEG - Lossless mode of operation 1 Unlike the lossy mode which is based on the DCT, the lossless coding process employs a simple predictive coding model called differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

35. Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding - Linear Predictive Coding 1 HVXC uses Linear predictive coding (LPC) with block-wise adaptation every 20ms. The LPC parameters are transformed to Line spectral pairs|Line spectral pair (LSP) coefficients, which are jointly quantized. The LPC residual signal is classified as either voiced or unvoiced. In the case of voiced speech, the residual is coded in a parametric representation (operating as a vocoder), while in the case of unvoiced speech, the residual waveform is quantized (thus operating as hybrid speech codec). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

36. Audio Lossless Coding 1 The short-term predictor is similar to Free Lossless Audio Codec|FLAC in its operation - it is a quantized Linear predictive coding|LPC predictor with a losslessly coded residual using Golomb coding|Golomb Rice Coding or Block Gilbert Moore Coding (BGMC) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

37. TI-99/4A - Features 1 The synthesizer used a variant of linear predictive coding and had a small in-built vocabulary https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

38. Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec - Features 1 ** Linear predictive coding (LPC) is used to synthesize the speech from a residual waveform. The LPC parameters are encoded as Line spectral pairs (LSP). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

39. Paul Lansky - Biography 1 Following that came More Than Idle Chatter, the six compositions of which focus on processings of the human voice using linear predictive coding, granular synthesis, and plucked string synthesis; its three highlights are Granular synthesis|granular synth pieces called Idle Chatter, Just_more_idle_chatter, and Notjustmoreidlechatter, which look at the same thing from multiple perspectives https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

40. FS-1015 1 The standard was finished 1984. The algorithm used is a linear predictive coding vocoder. The vocoder enables understandable speech, but the quality is very unnatural and synthetic. File size is 20 times smaller than MP3 - it is very small. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

41. System 16 - G80 specifications 1 *** Speech synthesis|Speech synthesizer: General Instrument SP0256|General Instrument SP0250 (linear predictive coding) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

42. Audio timescale-pitch modification - Pitch scaling 1 A process that preserves the formants and character of a voice involves analyzing the signal with a vocoder|channel vocoder or Linear predictive coding|LPC vocoder plus any of several pitch detection algorithms and then resynthesizing it at a different fundamental frequency. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

43. MPEG-2 - Patents (U.S. only) 1 | 5291284 || 23 jul 1991 || 01 mar 1994 || 12 dec 1989 || 01 mar 2011 || Predictive coding and decoding with error drift reduction || http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?patentnumber=5291284 file+20: [2011, 7, 23] pct_file+20:[2009, 12, 12] grant+17:[2011, 3, 1] || British Telecommunications plc https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

44. MPEG-2 - Patents (U.S. only) 1 | 5317397 || 29 May 1992 || 31 May 1994 || 29 May 1992 || 29 May 2012 || Predictive coding using spatial-temporal filtering and plural motion vectors || http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?patentnumber=5317397 file+20: [2012, 5, 29] grant+17:[2011, 5, 31] || Toshiba https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

45. MPEG-2 - Patents (U.S. only) 1 | 5103307 || 18 jan 1991 || 07 apr 1992 || 18 jan 1991 || 18 jan 2011 || Interframe predictive coding/decoding system for varying interval between independent frames || http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?patentnumber=5103307 file+20: [2011, 1, 18] grant+17:[2009, 4, 7] || JVC|Victor Company https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

46. Vocoder - Modern implementations 1 * LPC-10, Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS Pub 137, 2400 bit/s, which uses linear predictive coding https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

47. Echo 2 1 LPC (linear predictive coding) was the speech synthesis technology used, which allowed applications to encode speech data in a compact form. The Echo II used the Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips|TMS 5220 LPC Speech Chip which was popular in other speech synthesizers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

48. Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips - Theory 1 Speech communication|Speech data is stored through pitch-excited linear predictive coding (PE-LPC), where words are created by a lattice filter, selectably fed by either an excitation Read-only memory|ROM (containing a glottal pulse waveform) or an LFSR (linear feedback shift register) noise generator. Linear predictive coding achieves a vast reduction in data volume needed to recreate intelligible speech data. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

49. Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips - History 1 The TMC0280/TMS5100 was the first self- contained linear predictive coding|LPC speech synthesizer Integrated Circuit|IC ever made https://store.theartofservice.com/the-predictive-coding-toolkit.html

50. For More Information, Visit: https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-predictive-coding- toolkit.html https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-predictive-coding- toolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com