1. Slide 13- 1 Dr. Almetwally Mohamad Mostafa http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/metwally/default.a spx almetwaly@ksu.edu.sa http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ksu- is335 /

2. Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing13 Indexing Structures for Files26 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization39 Optimization & Denormalization26 Transaction Management39 concurrency control techniques13

3. Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe

4.  Disk Storage Devices  Files of Records  Operations on Files  Unordered Files  Ordered Files  Hashed Files ◦ Dynamic and Extendible Hashing Techniques  RAID Technology Sli de 13- 4

5. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Indexing Structures for Files

6. Slide 14- 6  Types of Single-level Ordered Indexes ◦ Primary Indexes ◦ Clustering Indexes ◦ Secondary Indexes  Multilevel Indexes  Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees  Indexes on Multiple Keys

7. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization

8. Slide 15- 8 0. Introduction to Query Processing 1. Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra 2. Algorithms for External Sorting 3. Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations 4. Algorithms for PROJECT and SET Operations 5. Implementing Aggregate Operations and Outer Joins 6. Combining Operations using Pipelining 7. Using Heuristics in Query Optimization 8. Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization 9. Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle 10. Semantic Query Optimization

9. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory

10. Slide 17- 10 1 Introduction to Transaction Processing 2 Transaction and System Concepts 3 Desirable Properties of Transactions 4 Characterizing Schedules based on Recoverability 5 Characterizing Schedules based on Serializability 6 Transaction Support in SQL

11. Copyright © 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Concurrency Control Techniques

12. Slide 18- 12  Databases Concurrency Control 1.Purpose of Concurrency Control 2.Two-Phase locking 3.Limitations of CCMs 4.Index Locking 5.Lock Compatibility Matrix 6.Lock Granularity