1. UNECE Team of Specialists for PPPs Introduction to the PPP Model Presented by: Art Smith Chairman, UNECE TOS-PPP asmith@mainet.com October 9, 2012 asmith@mainet.com

2. Infrastructure Financing Gap = The gap between Funding Requirements for Investments in Infrastructure (New + Operations & Maintenance) and actual infrastructure expenditures  The Infrastructure Financing Gap is huge in developing countries amounting to more than US$900 billion/year  Across the developing world, this amounts to 60% of the total infrastructure financing requirement. THE WORLD BANK Financing the Infrastructure Gap – an Imperative for GDP Growth 2

3. Private Investment in Infrastructure, 1990-2010 $US Billions* Source: World Bank and PPIAF, PPI Project Database *Adjusted by U.S. CPI 3

4. Private Investment in Infrastructure, 1990-2010, by Region $US Billions* Source: World Bank and PPIAF, PPI Project Database *Adjusted by U.S. CPI 4

5. Definition of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) A Public-Private Partnership is a contractual agreement between a public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity. Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public. In addition to the sharing of resources, each party shares in the potential risks and rewards in the delivery of the service and/or facility. Source: www. ncppp.org 5

6. Completed PPP Projects (U.S.) Union Station, Washington, DC Dulles Greenway, Virginia Las Vegas Monorail, Nevada JFK International Terminal 4, New York 6

7. James F. Oyster School, Washington, DC Tolt Water Plant, Seattle, WA Fredericksburg, VA Parking Lot New York Avenue Metro Washington, DC Completed PPP Projects (U.S.) cont. 7

8. Potential Economic Objectives of PPPs may include: Reduce development risk Obtain project financing Reduce public capital investment Accelerate service availability Optimize value for money − Access to management expertise − Access to technology Optimize risk allocation Mobilize excess or underutilized assets Foster local capital markets Indirect economic benefits 8

9. Potential Social Objectives of PPPs may include: Achieve legitimate political goals Improve service to the community, e.g., increased access to drinking water which meets WHO standards Extend services to remote or marginalized regions or populations Reduce income inequality Provide environmental enhancement 9

10. PPP Challenges in the Former Soviet Union Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Property Rights Public and Private Sector Capacity Political Commitment Transparency 10