1. Phonological Constraints on the Acquisition of Mid Vowels in English for Students in Taiwan
author: 黃俐雯
presented by Lisa Liu
報告人: 劉莉莎

2. Background
Most Taiwan students are bilinguals or even multi-linguals. Their English speaking are affected by their first or second languages.
Their English pronunciation are constrained by L1’s or L2’s dissimilation. So they will not pronounce accurately.

3. 3. This study aims to investigate whether they are perceptive about the differences of the English mid vowels /e/, /D/, /W/, /o/, and /C/ and this research will explore which mother language influences their English pronunciation more.

4. 4 RQ
1. If the subjects can identify the differences between the five mid vowels [e] [] [] [o] []? 2. What are the roles of native languages in the acquisition of L3 English? 3. What are the differences between English mid- front vowels [e] [] [], Mandarin [ei] [e] and SM [e] 4. Which mother language (Mandarin or Southern Min) influences the subjects’ L3 more.

5. Literature Review Ladefoged (2001) :
Most language have at least three phonemic vowels ( usually /i , A，u/ ).
2. Vowels can be pronounced in different way or in different voices but the same person’s qualities will still be the same.

6. Literature Review Acoustic Vowel Analysis Deterding (1997) :
Pitches and first , second frequencies (F1 and F2)are used to distinguish vowels.
F1, F2 are the most important formants in the four formants of a vowel.
English vowels
Peterson and Barney (1952):
Eleven distinct vowels /i,  , e , ,  ,  ,u,
, o, , a/ and three diphthongs /a , a ,  /
are included in American English vowel system.

7. Literature Review
2. Wang (2012): These 14 vowels can be distinguished into 5 categories: 1. tongue height 2. tongue advancement 3. tenseness 4. lip rounding 5. retroflection

8. Literature Review Mandarin Vowels
Howie (1976): There are only six vowels in Mandarin. They are /i, y,  , , u, a/.
Zhu (2007): There are nine vowels :
/i(一), u(ㄨ), y(ㄩ), a(ㄚ), (ㄛ), (ㄜ), e(ㄝ), (ㄦ),ə/, and nine diphthongs:
/ai, ei, ɑo, ou, ia, iɛ, uɑ, uo, yɛ/ in Mandarin.

9. The position of Mandarin vowels
four degrees of vowel height:
Close, close-mid, open mid and open
three degrees of vowel roundness: front, central and back

10. Literature Review-Mandarin Vowels
Chung (2006) : 1. Mandarin diphthongs occur when a vowel followed by a glide // or //. falling diphthongs rising diphthongs 2. Assimilation Constraint (2013): All the Mandarin diphthongs should be composed of the vowels which are in the same backness.

11. Literature Review-Southern Min Vowels
Hsieh (2007): There were six vowels in Southern Min: /i, e, a, u, o, ə /. Wang (2012): The vowels [i] and [u] were regarded as high vowels, while [a] was a low vowel, and the other three vowels [e, o, ə ] were mid vowels.

12. Literature Review-Southern Min Vowels
Chung (1996): 1. There are no distinctions between tense or lax vowels. 2. There are eight oral diphthongs in Southern Min as follow: /ia, io,ua, ue/ are in the group of rising diphthongs, and /ai, au, ui, iu/ are falling diphthongs.

13. Literature Review-Southern Min Vowels
3. Dissimilatory Constraint (Chung, 2013) Southern Min diphthongs should be constructed with the vowels sharing with different backness. Mandarin diphthongs : should be constructed with the vowels sharing with the same backness

14. Method
Participants: 28 female students at their 2 grade in Junior college in Chiayi, Taiwan
Gender: All female
Characteristic:
1. L1 is Southern Min
2. L2 is Mandarin
3. L3 is English

15. Instruments and materials
A questionnaire
Three reading lists for the production experiment
A listening task for the perception experiment
Reading materials
Three computer software, Window 7, Praat and Excel

16. Production experiment
Method:
The participants read 28 -English -sentenced, 26 -mandarin -sentenced, and 21- Southern Min- sentenced word lists twice, and chose the better one for analysis.
Each English word contains one of the mid vowels [i , ɪ, e, æ, ɛ, ɑ, o, ɔ, u ,ʊ], but only two groups of mid vowels [e, æ, ɛ] and [o, ɔ] were further analyzed.

17. Production experiment
3. Only [e] and [o] sounds were researched in Mandarin word lists.
4. Only [e] and [ɔ] were researched in Southern Min.

18. Mid vowels in three languages

19. Perception experiment
1. A listening task was conducted to test the subjects’ comprehension of the two groups of mid vowels. 2. One English native speaker and one Taiwanese native speaker recorded their utterances as the speech stimuli for the perception experiment. 3. Fifteen recorded words, which were embedded in the sentences, were cut into monophthongs [e] [æ] [ɛ] and [o] [ɔ] by using the program Praat. 4. These mid vowel monophthongs were recognized in random order for the subjects’ perception experiment.

20. Recording Materials A notebook Praat Sound Recorder
A head-microphone with a speaker
A recording shelter used to reduce the noise for a high recording quality

21. Instruments for Data Analysis
Praat: to get the formants of the vowels to show the position of the tongue
Micro Office Excel: to fill in the F1 and F2 values of the vowels and plot the vowels of the recorded English, Mandarin and Southern Min words
A set of norm form Hillenbrand et.al (1995): being adopted to compare with the subjects.

22. Data Analysis
1. When the collected data was analyzed, the mean values of the F1 and F2 formants will be transferred into vowel charts by using Micro Office Excel. 2. Through the charts, the researcher compared the position of English’s, Mandarin’s , and Southern Ming’s mid vowels.

23. Procedure-7 steps
Designing a questionnaire, reading lists and the listening list
Selecting 28 subjects
Filling out the questionnaire
Completing the production experiment
Completing the perception experiment
Analyzing the collected data and getting the result
Making conclusions and giving suggestions

24. Results and Discussion
English:
The subjects pronounced English mid-front vowels [e, æ, ɛ] and mid-back vowels [o , ɔ] very similarly.
Southern Min:
SM mid-front vowel[e] was close to English mid-front vowels.
2. SM mid-front [e] was very close to English mid-front vowel[æ]

25. Results and Discussion
3. SM mid-back vowel [o] was obviously different from English mid-back vowels [o] [ɔ]. Mandarin: 1. M mid-front vowel [ei] is different from English mid-front vowels [e] [æ] [ɛ]. 2. M mid-back vowel [ou] is different from English mid-back vowels [o] [ɔ]

26. Results and Discussion-comparing with the norm
Three languages comparing with the norm from Hillenbrand et.al (1995):
English mid-front vowels
Taiwanese students’ English mid-front vowels were close to the norm’s lax vowel.
They were produced more backward than the norm’s [e] [æ] but frontward than [ɛ]

27. Results and Discussion-comparing with the norm
※ Mandarin [ei] were not similar to the norm’s lax vowel [æ] but located a little higher than the norm’s [æ] ※ Southern Min [e] was closer to the norm’s [æ] ※ All the mid –back vowels were more frontward than the norm’s. ※ Southern Min [o] was the closest to the norm’s lax vowel [ɔ]. ※ Mandarin [o] was the closest to the norm’s tense vowel [o]

28. Conclusion
Most subjects can identify English mid vowels [e] [ɛ] [o ] [ɔ] but confuse [æ] with [e].
The subjects’ English are influenced by their mother languages.
The places of articulation of English mid-front vowels are all lower than those of Mandarin and SM.
For English tense vowel[e], the most similar mother language phoneme is Mandarin [ei]