4. Foreign Policy Tensions InterventionismDisarmament Collective security Collective security “Wilsonianism” “Wilsonianism” Business interests Business interests Isolationism Isolationism Nativists Nativists Anti-War movement Anti-War movement Conservative Republicans Conservative Republicans

6. Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

7. Four-Power Pact (December 13, 1921).  submit disputes  Britain, France, Japan and the United States agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution.   Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and mandates of other signatories (participants) in the Pacific.

8. Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6, 1922).  5-3-1 ration  The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States pledged adherence to limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and accepted a moratorium on new naval construction. 5-3-1 ration   Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

9. Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6, 1922).   Agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon.

10. Nine-Power Treaty (February 6, 1922).  Open Door Policy  Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence. In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified all of the treaties from the Washington Conference.

11. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928   60 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.   Problem  no way of enforcement.   60 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.   Problem  no way of enforcement.

12. outlawing war The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following:   The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations.   In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war.   The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee studied the matter and issued a report that maintained that the pact did not impair the nation’s ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine.   US Senate ratified this treaty.

13. AfghanistanFinlandPeru AlbaniaGuatemalaPortugal AustriaHungaryRumania BulgariaIcelandRussia ChinaLatviaKingdom of the Serbs CubaLiberiaCroats and Slovenes DenmarkLithuaniaSiam Dominican RepublicNetherlandsSpain EgyptNicaraguaSweden EstoniaNorwayTurkey EthiopiaPanama Additional countries which join by July 24, 1929. Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece, August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August 14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela, October 24, 1929.

14. The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: Major problems with this treaty 1. 1.No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories. 2. 2.The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit “defensive” war. 3. 3.No expiration date was provided. 4. 4.No provision existed for amending the agreement was included.

15.  “ending all war”  In the 1930’s, the idealism of “ending all war” would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy, Germany and Soviet Union began WWII.  Idealism“ideas”  Idealism, is what it is: “ideas”. Some can work and others can’t.  realistic world,  In a realistic world, countries realized that they needed to protect themselves from aggressor nations.  “contain”  It is still this way today but we have the United Nations to promote world peace and “contain” aggressor nations.

16. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy   Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.   FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others.   Policy of non- intervention and cooperation.

17. democracies BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN INVADES MOST OF ASIA AND WAS THREATENING U.S. ISLANDS ISLANDS AND OUR OPEN DOOR DOOR TRADE POLICY. FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER REMARMED GERMANY IN VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES VERSAILLES. GERMANY/ITALYGERMANY/ITALY CONQUERED CONQUERED ALL THE DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACIES IN EUROPE. USUS POLICY POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITY NEUTRALITY BUT ULTIMATELY WOULD BE DRAWN INTO WWII.

18. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)   League of Nations condemned the action.   Japan leaves the League.   Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

19. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine (1932)   US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force.   Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier.   Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932  massive casualties.

20. FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933)   FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan.   Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression.

21. Nye Committee Hearings (1934-1936)   The Nye Committee I investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”]   The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.   Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.   Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

22. FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)

23. Ludlow Amendment (1938)   A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress.   Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.   Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

24. 1935: prohibited arms shipments to all belligerent countries. 1936: forbid loans to all belligerents 1939: prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of belligerent nations 1935: prohibited arms shipments to all belligerent countries. 1936: forbid loans to all belligerents 1939: prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of belligerent nations Neutral FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by protecting democracies and preparing the US for war…..BUT TRYING TO REMAIN ISOLATED AND NEUTRAL

25. Americans wanted to remain neutral. America First Committee Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies Feb. 21, 1940: Yes: 23% No 77%Feb. 21, 1940: If Germany is defeating England & France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany and send our Army and Navy to Europe to fight against Hitler? Yes: 23% No 77% Americans wanted to remain neutral. America First Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies Feb.Feb. 21, 1940: 1940: If Germany is defeating England & France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany and send our Army and Navy to Europe to fight against Hitler? Yes: 23% No 77% Neutral

26. December 16, 1940: Do you think it was a mistake for the U.S. to enter the first World War? Yes: 39% No 42% No opinion 19% December 16, 1940: Do you think it was a mistake for the U.S. to enter the first World War? Yes: 39% No 42% No opinion 19%

27. FDR’s speech to Congress in Jan. 1941 describing the threat of the Axis Powers. FDR believed American security was seriously threatened and believed the struggle was over American democracy. FDR’s speech to Congress in Jan. 1941 describing the threat of the Axis Powers. FDR believed American security was seriously threatened and believed the struggle was over American democracy. atlantic1 FIRST, freedom of speech and expression, everywhere in the world. SECOND, freedom of every person to worship God in his own way,everywhere in the world. THIRD, freedom from want, which translated into world terms, economic and healthy peace time life, everywhere in the world. FOURTH, freedom from fear, worldwide reduction of armaments, everywhere in the world. Other things FDR stated: The world order is to seek cooperation of free countries, in a friendly civilized society. Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere.

28. LEND LEASE RENTING, LEASING, GIVING BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY WEAPONS TO ARM THEM AGAINST THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE… FDR’s FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN NEUTRAL! USA BECOMES THE “ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”

29. Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941, “ US becomes the arsenal of democracy”

31. US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay out of war. It was given to Britain during the Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after Hitler’s invasion in 1941 and China. The US became the “arsenal of democracy”. lend lease

32. Chapter 24, Section 2 1940: Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Netherlands and France 1941: Soviet Union 1940: Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Netherlands and France 1941: Soviet Union June 22, 1941, Hitler invades the Soviet Union

33. atlantic1 FDR and Winston Churchill meet on the USS Augusta in the North Atlantic to sign the Atlantic Charter, August 12, 1941. They met together to make known certain common principles of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.

34. atlantic1 FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or territory….. SECOND, no territorial changes of land between nations. THIRD, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government FOURTH, Access to raw materials for all FIFTH, World economic cooperation SIXTH, Freedom from fear and want SEVENTH, freedom of the seas EIGHTH, Disarmament of aggressors NINTH, a United Nations for world peace.

35. The Attack Plan (Japanese)   By attacking our three main bases (???) the Japanese hoped to have free reign to take out southern Asia.   Wanted oil, rubber & metal.   They wanted control of East Asia (all the way down to Australia).   They concentrated on attacking the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). This would allow the Japanese to attack Australia.   All that would be left would be small islands here and there in the Pacific and the Japanese would feel no threat from them.

37. map/japan

38. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Commander of the Japanese Navy Responsible for the success of the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor. WWII Military Leaders Captain Mitsuo Fuchida Led the attack at Pearl Harbor. “Tora, Tora, Tora” “Attack, Attack, Attack”

41. Infamy9

43.   In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two battleships, six others were heavily battered and nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action.   More than 150 planes were wrecked; over 2,300 servicemen were killed and 1,100 wounded.   Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in Washington and on the Admiral and the General in Hawaii.

44. After FDR’s Day of Infamy speech asking for a declaration of war against Japan, Congress approved the declaration…. FDR signed the declaration of war against Japan on Dec. 8, 1941 After FDR’s Day of Infamy speech asking for a declaration of war against Japan, Congress approved the declaration…. FDR signed the declaration of war against Japan on Dec. 8, 1941