1. HSP3U Primatology and Human Variation February 23 rd, 2015

2. P RIMATOLOGY Humans and other primates ______ many characteristic features Grasping hands Forward-facing eyes (sign of a predator) Relatively larger brain Primatologists study the _________ and the ___________ of living primates – not always anthropologists (biology or zoology) but their reason is always relevant to anthropology – they’re investigating what makes us ________ to and __________ from other primates

3. S TUDYING P RIMATES Primatologists observe primates in their __________ habitats and in the __________ Jane Goodall is one of the most famous anthropologist that has studied primates in their _________ habitat Other famous anthropologists are Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas They all lived in ________, solitary, and difficult conditions and had to wait patiently for ________ before they could get close enough to the animals to understand their _________ behaviour Each primatologist had to learn to ________ the animals’ calls and __________ and eat their food before primates trusted them as one of their own

4. J ANE G OODALL http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/jane- goodall-retrospective?source=relatedvideo On April 2, 1957, at the age of 23, Jane travels to Kenya by boat. She has a wonderful time seeing Africa and meeting new people, but the most important event of her visit is meeting famous anthropologist and palaeontologist Dr. Louis S. B. Leakey. When Leakey and Jane begin a study of wild chimpanzees on the shore of Lake Tanganyika, British authorities resist the idea of a young woman living among wild animals in Africa. They finally agree to Leakey's proposal when Jane's mother Vanne volunteers to accompany her daughter for the first three months.

5. J ANE G OODALL C ONT ’ D But studying the chimpanzees of Gombe was not easy. The animals fled from Jane in fear. With patience and determination she searched the forest every day, deliberately trying not to get too close to the chimpanzees too soon. Gradually the chimpanzees accepted her presence. Jane observes meat-eating for the first time October 30, 1961. Later, she sees the chimpanzees hunt for meat. These observations disprove the widely held belief that chimpanzees are vegetarian. On November 4, 1961, Jane observes David Greybeard and Goliath making tools to extract termites from their mounds. They would select a thin branch from a tree, strip the leaves and push the branch into the termite mound. After a few seconds they would pull out the termite-covered stick and pick off the tasty termites with their lips.

6. J ANE G OODALL C ONT ’ D This becomes one of Jane's most important discoveries. Until that time, only humans were thought to create tools. On hearing of Jane's observation, Leakey famously says: "Now we must redefine tool, redefine Man, or accept chimpanzees as humans." Jane continues her work today by travelling an average of 300 days per year speaking in packed auditoriums and school gymnasiums about the threats facing chimpanzees, other environmental crises, and her reasons for hope that we will ultimately solve the problems that we have imposed on the earth.reasons for hope Jane continually urges her audiences to recognize their personal power and responsibility to effect positive change through consumer action, lifestyle change and activism.

7. H UMAN V ARIATION Human beings are all ___________ Anthropologists study human __________, or the genetic differences between ________ and __________, to understand the differences between people Anthropologists studying human variation try to find out _____ and ______ human beings are different and try to understand these differences from an evolutionary perspective Humans have _______ over time in order to survive in different conditions Evolution is the process of species’ _________, ________, or ___________

8. D ARWIN ’ S T HEORY OF N ATURAL S ELECTION The theory of Natural Selection involves 3 principles: Variation – every species has a lot of ________ within it Heritability – individuals pass on _______ to their offspring Environmental Fitness – individuals who are better adapted to their environment will produce ______ offspring and pass on their traits to the next generation Variation is essential to the __________ of any species If there is change in the available ______ supply, and all of the individuals of a species are able to eat only the old kind of food, the species will become __________ If some individuals can eat the new food, they will reproduce and _____ on their traits to their offspring, ensuring the survival of the species as a whole

9. R ACE IS A S OCIAL C ONSTRUCTION Race is a social construction meaning that it is something ________ by our society More genetic variation exists _______ races than _______ them (i.e. there is more genetic variation within the Asian race than between the Asian race and the African race) An individual’s ________ and _________ are largely conditioned by his or her ________ (i.e. it’s your upbringing and the culture of your surrounding family and society that help shape your individual behaviour)

10. R ACE C ONT ’ D The idea of ______ has been used in the past to justify ________, economic, and political inequalities and excuse hatred, cruelty, and _________ Examples: Nazi persecution of Jewish people Apartheid (In South Africa - a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race) Ku Klux Klan in North America (any Canadian examples????) Racial beliefs are considered by the American Anthropological Association (AAA) as ______ and folk beliefs and have no biological legitimacy

11. S TUDYING H UMAN V ARIATION L EGITIMATELY Anthropologists look at human variety and try to understand a specific ______, such as skin colour or blood type, in terms of evolutionary __________ Blood type is an example of a trait that is easy to measure ___________ (without bias) Certain blood types are __________ to certain parts of the world, but blood type does _____ correspond to external characteristics Many traits are the result of a population’s isolation or ____________ Many ‘racial’ traits, such as ____ colour, probably have no evolutionary advantage at all (A lot of people with Dutch backgrounds usually have blonde hair, fair skin, and blue eyes)

12. E VOLUTIONARY A DVANTAGES Anthropologists look at whether a ________ trait provides an individual with a _______ chance of survival in her/his environment, and a greater chance of ________ on those traits to offspring Today, humans have ways to deal with various kinds of _______ colour Disadvantages of light skin in tropical places (sunscreen, clothing, air conditioning) Disadvantages of dark skin in areas with less sunlight (a diet rich in vitamin D, vitamin D supplements etc.)

13. H UMAN V ARIATION http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/skin -color http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human- evolution-timeline-interactive Chapter Review Questions Pg. 52-53 #’s 1 - 4, 7, 10